Title: Computers: Understanding Technology, 3e
1Chapter 9
Database and Information Management
2Presentation Overview
- Database Basics
- Databases and Information Systems
- Database Management System Software
- Types of Databases
- Planning and Designing Database Systems
- Using Databases
- Database Administration
3Database Basics
- What is a database and how does it organize
information?
4Database Basics
- What is a database and how does it organize
information? - A database is a computerized system for storing
information in an organized manner so that it can
be searched for and retrieved when needed.
Information is stored in the form of fields,
records, and files.
5Database Basics
6Database Basics
- Data vs Information
- Data raw, unorganized content in the form of
words, numbers, sounds, or images
7Database Basics
- Data vs Information
- Data raw, unorganized content in the form of
words, numbers, sounds, or images - Information data associated with other useful
data on the same topic
8Database Basics
- Levels of Data within a Database
9Database Basics
- Levels of Data within a Database
- Entity a person, place, thing, or event
10Database Basics
- Levels of Data within a Database
- Entity a person, place, thing, or event
- Field a single value, such as a name, address,
or dollar amount
- data type usually numeric or text (numbers and
text) - name assigned by person developing the database
- size number of characters that can be entered
11Database Basics
- Levels of Data within a Database
- Entity a person, place, thing, or event
- Field a single value, such as a name, address,
or dollar amount
- data type usually numeric or text (numbers and
text) - name assigned by person developing the database
- size number of characters that can be entered
- Record related fields describing an event or
situation
12Database Basics
- Levels of Data within a Database
- Entity a person, place, thing, or event
- Field a single value, such as a name, address,
or dollar amount
- data type usually numeric or text (numbers and
text) - name assigned by person developing the database
- size number of characters that can be entered
- Record related fields describing an event or
situation - File collection of records of the same type
13Database Basics
- Traditional database organizes data in a
hierarchy. A field is the smallest element.
Fields are within a record. Records are organized
in a data file. Database is a collection of data
files.
14Database Basics
15Databases and Information Systems
- Management Information Systems (MIS)
16Databases and Information Systems
- Management Information Systems (MIS)
- used to track and control every transaction
through a database
17Databases and Information Systems
- Management Information Systems (MIS)
- used to track and control every transaction
through a database - transaction any business activity central to
the nature of the enterprise
18Databases and Information Systems
- Office Information Systems
19Databases and Information Systems
- Office Information Systems
- designed as replacement for paper-based
information systems
20Databases and Information Systems
- Office Information Systems
- designed as replacement for paper-based
information systems - gives quick access to office paperwork
21Databases and Information Systems
22Databases and Information Systems
- Decision Support Systems
- designed to help management make decisions about
an operation
23Databases and Information Systems
- Decision Support Systems
- designed to help management make decisions about
an operation - allows managers to work with what if scenarios
24Databases and Information Systems
- Factory Automation Systems
25Databases and Information Systems
- Factory Automation Systems
- runs an assembly line directly, controlling
manufacturing processes from shop-floor level of
conveyor belts and robots
26Databases and Information Systems
- Factory Automation Systems
- runs an assembly line directly, controlling
manufacturing processes from shop-floor level of
conveyor belts and robots - may be part of complete CIM system that controls
manufacturing process from beginning to end
27Database Management System Software
28Database Management System Software
- Key attribute used to identify and provide a
means to search database
29Database Management System Software
- Key attribute used to identify and provide a
means to search database - Primary key most important key in a field
30Database Management System Software
- Key attribute used to identify and provide a
means to search database - Primary key most important key in a field
- Data browsing process of moving through a
database file, examining each record and looking
for information
31Database Management System Software
32Database Management System Software
- Query tools help users narrow down information
needed to be searched.
33Database Management System Software
- Query tools help users narrow down information
needed to be searched. - A query allows users to ask questions designed to
retrieve information.
34Database Management System Software
- Query tools help users narrow down information
needed to be searched. - A query allows users to ask questions designed to
retrieve information. - A select command asks a database to return
records that match specific criteria.
35Database Management System Software
- Query tools help users narrow down information
needed to be searched. - A query allows users to ask questions designed to
retrieve information. - A select command asks a database to return
records that match specific criteria. - Joining matches data from fields in various files.
36Database Management System Software
- Structured Query Language (SQL)
- This SQL statement could search for top students
in a college, with top defined as those
students with a grade point average (GPA) above
3.49.
37Database Management System Software
- Joining matches data from fields in various
record files. Both Student Personal Records and
Student Grade Records files would have a common
Student ID number field, allowing information
from both files to be returned in a single query.
38Database Management System Software
- Metadata and the Data Dictionary
39Database Management System Software
- Metadata and the Data Dictionary
- Metadata information about data describes
significance of various elements of a database
40Database Management System Software
- Metadata and the Data Dictionary
- Metadata information about data describes
significance of various elements of a database - Data dictionary a body of metadata
41Types of Databases
42Types of Databases
- database contains only one table or file
43Types of Databases
- database contains only one table or file
- simple and easy to use
44Types of Databases
- database contains only one table or file
- simple and easy to use
- slower to respond because records must be
searched sequentially
45Types of Databases
- database contains only one table or file
- simple and easy to use
- slower to respond because records must be
searched sequentially - generally consume more disk space
46Types of Databases
47Types of Databases
- Fields can be shared among all files in the
database, making it possible to connect them.
48Types of Databases
- Fields can be shared among all files in the
database, making it possible to connect them. - A file is called a table (consists of rows and
columns).
49Types of Databases
- Fields can be shared among all files in the
database, making it possible to connect them. - A file is called a table (consists of rows and
columns). - A record is called a tuple.
50Types of Databases
- Fields can be shared among all files in the
database, making it possible to connect them. - A file is called a table (consists of rows and
columns). - A record is called a tuple.
- A field is called an attribute.
51Types of Databases
- Object-Oriented Databases
52Types of Databases
- Object-Oriented Databases
- stores data in the form of objects (units of
object-oriented programming logic)
53Types of Databases
- Object-Oriented Databases
- stores data in the form of objects (units of
object-oriented programming logic) - object contains data related to the object and
the actions to be performed on the object
54Types of Databases
- Object-Oriented Databases
- stores data in the form of objects (units of
object-oriented programming logic) - object contains data related to the object and
the actions to be performed on the object - speeds up database functions and makes database
development easier
55Types of Databases
- allows storage of pictures, movies, sounds, and
hyperlinked fields
56Types of Databases
- allows storage of pictures, movies, sounds, and
hyperlinked fields - Hybrid Databases
- several different models combined to allow more
effective data handling
57Types of Databases
58Types of Databases
- operational database tracks an operation or
situation, such as the inventory of a store
59Types of Databases
- operational database tracks an operation or
situation, such as the inventory of a store - distributed database is spread across multiple
networked computers each computer shares a
portion of the data can hold more information
is cheaper is easier to use
60Types of Databases
61Types of Databases
- used to store data gathered from one or more
databases
62Types of Databases
- used to store data gathered from one or more
databases - does not change, delete, or manipulate data they
store
63Planning and Designing Database Systems
- How are databases designed?
64Planning and Designing Database Systems
- How are databases designed?
- System analysts or database designers follow
three steps to plan a database - 1. Create an organizational structure for the
data. - 2. Design an interface that makes the database
user- friendly. - 3. Set up reporting capabilities to allow for
inquiry and response.
65Planning and Designing Database Systems
- User requests and enters data through the
front-end interface program. The database
management - system manages
- the retrieval
- and update of
- the database
- itself.
66Planning and Designing Database Systems
- Database Objects Tools in the DBMS
67Planning and Designing Database Systems
- Database Objects Tools in the DBMS
- form template that allows users to enter data
into the database
68Planning and Designing Database Systems
- Database Objects Tools in the DBMS
- form template that allows users to enter data
into the database - report formatted body of output from a database
69Planning and Designing Database Systems
- Database Objects Tools in the DBMS
- form template that allows users to enter data
into the database - report formatted body of output from a database
- data filter filtering material in a database to
restrict a database search
70Using Databases
- What are the types of data processing?
71Using Databases
- What are the types of data processing?
- Batch processing occurs at a scheduled time or
when a critical point has been reached
72Using Databases
- What are the types of data processing?
- Batch processing occurs at a scheduled time or
when a critical point has been reached - Transactional processing more continuous
- real time system data must be accurate to
the second - online transactional processing very fast,
always-on processing
73Using Databases
- What are the types of data processing?
- Batch processing occurs at a scheduled time or
when a critical point has been reached - Transactional processing more continuous
- real time system data must be accurate to
the second - online transactional processing very fast,
always-on processing - Mixed forms of processing transactional and
batch processing in the same system
74Using Databases
75Using Databases
- Data entry operators type data into databases and
make sure that it is accurate. They - add records
76Using Databases
- Data entry operators type data into databases and
make sure that it is accurate. They - add records
- modify records
77Using Databases
- Data entry operators type data into databases and
make sure that it is accurate. They - add records
- modify records
- delete records
78Using Databases
- Data entry operators type data into databases and
make sure that it is accurate. They - add records
- modify records
- delete records
- sort records
79Database Administration
80Database Administration
- is responsible for maintaining and updating the
database and the DBMS software
81Database Administration
- is responsible for maintaining and updating the
database and the DBMS software - is responsible for preventing computer downtime
82Database Administration
83Database Administration
- Data corruption occurs when data is unreadable,
incomplete, or damaged.
84Database Administration
- Data corruption occurs when data is unreadable,
incomplete, or damaged. - Backing up data is a major method for recovering
lost or corrupted data.
85Database Administration
- Backup and Recovery Operations
86Database Administration
- Backup and Recovery Operations
- tape backups commonly used because they are cheap
and easy to store
87Database Administration
- Backup and Recovery Operations
- tape backups commonly used because they are cheap
and easy to store - backups must be stored separately from original
material to lessen accidental data loss
88Database Administration
- Database response time is the lag time between a
user issuing a command and the database system
taking action.
89Database Administration
90Database Administration
- occurs when users attempt to edit existing
records in a multi-user system
91Database Administration
- occurs when users attempt to edit existing
records in a multi-user system - allows only one user at a time to edit or delete
a record
92Database Administration
93Database Administration
- data integrity the accuracy of information
provided to database users
94Database Administration
- data integrity the accuracy of information
provided to database users - redundancy duplication of data in several
fields an enemy of data integrity
95Database Administration
- data integrity the accuracy of information
provided to database users - redundancy duplication of data in several
fields an enemy of data integrity - normalization prevents duplicate data storage
and reduces chance that some data will not be
updated when changes are made
96Database Administration
97Database Administration
- range check allows only range of numbers to be
entered
98Database Administration
- range check allows only range of numbers to be
entered - alphanumeric check allows only letters of
alphabet and digits to be entered
99Database Administration
- range check allows only range of numbers to be
entered - alphanumeric check allows only letters of
alphabet and digits to be entered - consistency check checks against previously
entered data that has been validated
100Database Administration
- range check allows only range of numbers to be
entered - alphanumeric check allows only letters of
alphabet and digits to be entered - consistency check checks against previously
entered data that has been validated - completeness check ensures every field filled
out
101On the Horizon
- Based on the information presented in this
chapter and your own experience, what do you
think is on the horizon?