Domestic cogeneration

1
Domestic cogeneration

• Henrik Weldingh
• DEFU a.M.B.A

2
Domestic cogeneration

• Distributed generation
• Combined Heat and Power, CHP
• Domestic cogeneration
• domestic use
• connected to the Low-voltage (230/400 V)
• up to 16 A per phase (lt11 kVA)
• single-phased or three-phased

3
Domestic Cogeneration

• Environmental benefits (cogeneration)
• high utilisation of fuel
• Benefits in production of heat more than in
  production of electricity (domestic)
• will be thermally led
• 10 kVAe ? 20 kWth

4
Domestic cogeneration

• Technology available
• gas-engines, Stirling-engines, fuel cells etc.
• Needs the economy of scale
• standardisation
• Key factor Rules for the connection to the grid
• must be safe and simple to connect

5
Domestic cogeneration

• Bi-directional energy flow
• in contrast to the design of the network

6
The CWA

• CEN Workshop Agreement
• bridge the gab between consortia and the formal
  process of standardisation
• A CWA is developed by the workshop (participants
  with direct interest)
• Not a standard

7
The CWA

• Recommends future good practice
• Forms a sensible starting point for the
  standardisation process

8
The CWA on domestic cogeneration

• Initiated April 2001
• Finished December 2002
• CWA 14642 January 2003
• 28 organisations
• 10 European countries
• CIRED participated as a (European) organisation

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CIRED questionnaire

• Through CIRED WG04
• 12 questions
• Reply from 10 countries

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CIRED questionnaire

• Rules in existence
• no specific rules (at that time)
• all kind of rules and regulations on this field
• Most important technical issue
• Safety (dual supply)
• Power quality (voltage quality)
• flicker
• steady state voltage rise

11
CIRED questionnaire

• Procedures etc. required to isolate the
  (distributed) generators for work on the network
• rules in some countries
• Specific questions on protections
• specific answers

12
The CWA on domestic cogeneration

• Condition
• domestic cogeneration represents a non dominant
  part of the (local) power production.
• Does not cover the safety for DNO personnel
  working upstream
• Does not cover tariff questions

13
The CWA on Domestic Cogeneration

• Safety requirements
• Power quality
• fortification of the grid?
• Operation and safety of the appliance
• dual supply
• Commissioning
• Type-testing and type certification

14
The CWA on domestic cogeneration

• Protection system
• safety of persons
• power quality
• security of supply
• protection of the appliance itself
• Same measure may serve several purposes

15
The CWA on domestic cogeneration

• Loss-of-mains protection
• fast action to protect
• stay connected to avoid cascade loss of
  generation
• Simple solutions!
• National settings overrule values in the CWA

16
The CWA on domestic cogeneration

• Commissioning
• the DNO must be informed but not necessary to
  wait for acceptance
• Type-testing and type certification

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From CWA to EN

• Process initiated in CENELEC
• kick-off meeting 6th of February 2003
• WG group established
• BTWG 112-2

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From CWA to EN

• Transferred to new TC 8
• IEC TC 8 System aspects for electrical energy
  supply
• CLC TC8x WG 2
• Meets May 21th 2003
• WG still open to experts