1. annular eclipse -

1
1. annular eclipse -

• the moon is not close enough to the earth to
  completely block the sun, so the sun rings the
  moon

2
2. autumnal equinox

• when the sun crosses the celestial equator in the
  fall season, directly over the earths equator

3
3.celestial coordinates

• points on the celestial sphere defined by
  declination and right ascension

4
4. celestial equator

• line on the celestial sphere directly over the
  earths equator

5
5. celestial sphere

• the inside of a sphere where the stars and other
  objects appear to be fixed

6
6. constellation -

• a group of stars that appear to form a pattern

7
7. crescent -

• moon phase that appears as a thin sliver, less
  surface visible than quarter moon

8
8. declination -

• degree measure above or below the celestial
  equator

9
9. diurnal -

• The daily progression of the Sun, Moon, planets
  and stars across the celestial sphere

10
10. eclipse -

• event where one body passes in front of another,
  blocking the light from the light producing body

11
11. eclipse season-

• season during which lunar and solar eclipses are
  possible

12
12. ecliptic -

• path the Sun follows through the celestial sphere
  over the course of a year.

13
13. equinox -

• times of the year when the Sun is directly over
  the equator

14
14. full moon -

• all the viewable surface of the Moon is
  illuminated

15
15. gibbous -

• more than half of the viewable surface of the
  Moon is illuminated

16
16. light-year -

• the distance light travels in one year

17
17. line of nodes -

• the lines where the plane of the Earths orbit
  and the plane of the Moons orbit cross

18
18. lunar eclipse

• the shadow of the Earth falls on the Moon

19
19. lunar phase -

• the apparent change of shape of the surface of
  the Moon as different amounts of the illuminated
  surface are visible

20
20. new moon -

• none of the illuminated surface of the Moon is
  visible

21
21. north celestial pole -

• point on the celestial sphere directly over north
  pole

22
22. partial eclipse -

• not all of the surface of the object is covered
  by the shadow

23
23. penumbra -

• the area where all the light from the Sun is not
  blocked

24
24. precession -

• the wobble of the Earth on its axis

25
25. quarter moon -

• exactly half of the visible surface of the Moon
  is illuminated or shaded

26
26. revolution -

• the movement of any object through its orbit

27
27. right ascension

• the position of any object in the celestial
  sphere east or west of a beginning point

28
28. rotation -

• the spinning of any object on its axis

29
29. seasons -

• the changes in climatic conditions caused by
  Earths orbit and its tilt on its axis

30
30. sidereal day -

• a day measured by the position of the stars

31
31. sidereal month

• a month measured by the position of the Moon in
  the celestial sphere (measured by the stars)

32
32. sidereal year -

• a year as measured by the position of the stars

33
33. solar day -

• a day measured by the position of the Sun in the
  sky

34
34. solar eclipse -

• the shadow of the Moon falls on the Earth

35
35. south celestial pole -

• point on the celestial sphere directly over the
  south pole

36
36. summer solstice -

• date when the Sun is as far north of the
  celestial equator as it will be

37
37. synodic month -

• a month as measured by the phases of the Moon

38
38. total eclipse -

• entire surface of the object is blocked,viewers
  are in the umbra

39
39. tropical year -

• time it takes Sun to make one complete trip
  around the celestial sphere on the ecliptic

40
40. umbra -

• eclipse area where all the light from an object
  is blocked

41
41. vernal equinox -

• date in the spring season when the Sun is
  directly over the equator

42
42. universe -

• the totality of all space, time, matter, and
  energy

43
43. wane -

• when the size of the visible, illuminated surface
  of the Moon appears to shrink from one date to
  the next

44
44. winter solstice -

• date when the Sun is as far south of the
  celestial equator as it will be

45
45. wax -

• when the size of the visible, illuminated surface
  of the Moon appears to grow from one date to the
  next

46
46. zodiac -

• the constellations through which the Sun passes
  over the course of a year

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1. Why is it important to astronomical science
that the laws of physics as we know them apply
equally well throughout the whole universe?
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• Its the only way we can understand and predict
  occurrences in other areas of the universe.

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2. Why does the sun rise in the east and set in
the west each day? Does the moon also rise in
the east and set in the west? Why? Do the stars
do the same? Why?
50

• The sun, moon, and stars rise in the east and set
  in the west because the earth rotates from west
  to east.

51
3. How many times in your life have you
traveled around the sun?

• How old are you in years?

52
4. Why do we have seasons on earth?

• The Earths axial tilt causes the Suns heat
  energy to fall more directly and less directly on
  certain areas of the Earth at different times of
  the Earths yearly orbit.

53
5. Why do we see different stars in summer than
in winter?

• The night time side of the Earth faces different
  directions in space at different times of the
  year.

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6. At what phase of the Moon would you expect
there to be the most burglaries? Why?

• At new moon it is darkest.

55
7. If one complete hemisphere of the Moon is
always lighted by the sun, why do we see
different phases of the moon?

• The orbit of the moon around the Earth causes the
  Suns rays to illuminate different areas of the
  surface of the Moon. We always see the same side
  of the Moon, so the fraction of that side that is
  illuminated changes.

56
8. What causes a lunar eclipse? A solar
eclipse?

• Lunar - Earth between Sun and Moon.
• Solar - Moon between Sun and Earth.

57
9. What does the fact that there are both
annular and total eclipses tell us about the
Moons distance from the earth?

• The distance from the Earth to the Moon changes.

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10. Why arent there lunar and solar eclipses
every month?

• The Moons orbital plane is at an angle to the
  plane of the Earths orbit.

59
11. From what parts of the earth is the Pole
Star (Polaris) never visible?

• The south pole area.

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1. Cosmology

• the study and descriptions of the universe
• for example, the geocentric model of the solar
  system (earth at the center) is one cosmology

61
2. deferent -

• the orbit of the planet in the Ptolemaic solar
  system

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3. direct motion -

• the normal motion of a planet from west to east
  from one night to the next

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4. epicycle -

• the smaller circle in the orbit of a planet, in
  addition to the deferent in the Ptolemaic solar
  system
• explained the retrograde motion of the planets

64
5. geocentric -

• the model of the solar system (cosmology) with
  the earth at the center
• everything orbited the earth

65
6. parallax -

• The apparent shift in position of an object as it
  is viewed from different positions.
• The lack of observable parallax in the stars was
  one reason scientists did not believe the earth
  was moving.

66
7. Ptolemaic model -

• Best geocentric model of the solar system.
• Consisted of 80 different circles.

67
8. retrograde motion -

• When a planet is observed to move from east to
  west from one night to the next.
• The opposite of direct motion.

68
9. solar system -

• The collection of all objects that orbit the sun.
• In the geocentric system, it was the collection
  of all objects that orbited the earth.

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10. triangulation -

• Using angles, trigonometry, and parallax to
  determine the distance to an object.

70
1. What is parallax? Give an example.

• Parallax is the apparent shift in position of an
  object as it is viewed from different positions.
• When riding in a car, distant objects appear to
  be moving more slowly than nearby objects.

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2. What are epicycles and deferents?

• The deferent is the orbit of a planet the
  epicycle is the smaller additional circle.
• Used in the Ptolemaic solar system.

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3. Give a brief description of the Ptolemaic
model of the universe.

• The earth is at the center, geocentric.
• The planets orbited in deferents.
• The planets also orbited in epicycles to explain
  retrograde motion. (See question 2.)

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