Chemical

1
Chapter 3

• Chemical Physical Feature of the Ocean

2
Atom

• The smallest particle an element can be divided
  into maintain properties
• Building block of matter

3
Molecule

• A group of atoms chemically combined that can
  exist by itself
• CO2

4
Ion

• Charged particle
• Cl-1

5
Polyatomic Ion

• A group of atoms chemically combined that
  together have a charge
• CO3-2

6
Bond

• A strong attraction between atoms that hold
  compounds together
• Ionic, covalent metallic

7
Hydrogen Bond

• The weak attraction between hydrogen a highly
  electronegative(EN) element when the hydrogen is
  bound to another EN element

8
(No Transcript)
9
Hydrogen Bonds

• H-bonds hold one molecule to another

10
Water

• A small molecule made up of two hydrogen atoms
  covalently bound to one oxygen
• H2O

11
Properties of Water

• Exist in all 3 phases on Earth
• Very high MP BP for size
• Very high heat capacity
• Very high Heat of Fusion

12

• Very high Heat of Vaporization
• Holds heat well
• Very good solvent
• Transparent
• Solid phase (ice) less dense than the liquid phase

13
Salinity

• The amount of salts dissolved in sea water

14
(No Transcript)
15
Salts

• Ionic compounds or the ions that dissolve in
  water
• NaCl
• K2SO4

16
Solvation

• The process of a substance dissolving
• Also called dissociation

17
(No Transcript)
18
Average Salinity

• 3.5 or 3.5 parts per 100
• 35 o or 35 ppt
• Cl-1 19 o
• Na1 11 o

19
Other Water Properties

• As salinity increases, density increases
• As temperature increases, density decreases
• Pressure increases with depth

20
Thermocline

• The location in the water column where the
  temperature of water declines rapidly

21
(No Transcript)
22
Motion of the Ocean
23
Coriolis Effect

• Due to the rotation of the Earth, fluids tend to
  veer to form cyclic patterns

24

• Northern Hemisphere Water veers right to make
  clockwise cycles
• Southern Hemisphere Water veers left to make
  counter-clockwise cycles

25
Convection Currents

• Fluids form cyclic flowing patterns due to heat
  differences
• Warm air rises displaces cooler air which drops

26
All of the Earths weather patterns are caused by
convection currents and the Coriolis Effect
27
(No Transcript)
28
Trade Winds

• Winds that tend to blow in the same direction all
  the time
• Easterlies wind from east

29
(No Transcript)
30
Gyres

• Ocean-wide cyclic surface circulation patterns
  caused by wind friction Coriolis Effect

31
Oceanic Gyres

• Huge clockwise cycles in the northern hemisphere
• Huge counter-clockwise cycles in the south

32
(No Transcript)
33
Waves

• A form of energy transfer
• Crest highest point
• Trough lowest point

34
Wavelength

• The distance between corresponding points
• Crest to crest

35
Period

• The time it takes for one wave to pass

36
Surface Wave

• The recognizable wave we see in the ocean
• Caused by wind

37
Wave Height

• Determined by wind speed, fetch, and wave
  reinforcement

38
(No Transcript)
39
(No Transcript)
40
Fetch

• The distance in which winds flow over the water
  in the same direction

41
(No Transcript)
42
(No Transcript)
43
Wave Reinforcement

• When the crests of two or more waves flow
  simultaneously the height of the wave would be
  the addition of the two

44
Seismic Waves

• Waves caused by geological activity (earthquakes)
• Tsunamis
• Tidal waves

45
Tides

• Rhythmic pattern of the rising falling of the
  water level in the ocean

46
Cause of Tides

• Gravitational pull of the moon on the Earth
• Gravitational pull of the sun on the Earth
• Spinning of the Earth

47
(No Transcript)
48
Tidal Range

• The vertical distance between the highest and
  lowest tides

49
Spring Tides

• Greatest tidal range
• Occurs when the sun, moon, Earth are alligned

50
Neap Tides

• Smallest tidal range
• Occurs when the sun the moon are at right
  angles from Earth

51
(No Transcript)
52
Diurnal Tides

• One tide cycle per day

53
Semidiurnal Tides

• Two tide cycles per day
• Occurs most often

54
Overturn

• When surface and deep water switch places
• Caused by sudden cooling with increasing density

55
Ocean Layers

• Surface water
• Intermediate water at the main thermocline
• Deep water

56
(No Transcript)
57
Deepwater Circulation Patterns

• Upwellings near the equator
• Downwellings near the poles
• Creating large slow convection currents

58
Upwelling

• When deep water comes to the surface