3. ??????(Operative Means,????? ?????????)??????????;

1
????????

2
???????

• ???????????????????????????,????
• 1. ????????????????????
• 2. ???????????
• 3. ??????(Operative Means,?????
  ?????????)??????????
• 4. ??????????????????
• 5. ???????????????????,???

3
1. ????????????????????2. ???????????

• ???????,????????????? (scientific prose)

4
????????

• ??????????(Coherence)???????(Clarity)???(Fluency)
  ??????,??????????,??????????????,?????????????????
  ??????????????????????
• ??????????(Plainness)???(Preciseness),????????????
  ????????????????,????????????????????????,????????
  ???????????

5
?????????

• (1) ???(Impersonal)
• (2) ???? (Formal in Mode of
• Speech)
• (3) ???????(Objective and
• Accurate in Statement)
• (4) ???? (Standard in Language)
• (5) ???? (Unadorned in stylistics)
• (6) ???? (Strict in Logic)
• (7) ?????? (Concentrated in
• Technical Terms)

6
(1)???

• ??????????????????? ?????????????????????????????
  ???????????,??????????????????????????,???????????
  ????????????,??,???????????
• ????????????,???????????????

7

• The general layout of the illumination system and
  lenses of the microscope corresponds to the
  layout of the light microscope. The electron
  gun which produces the electrons is equivalent
  to the light source of the optical microscope.
  The electrons are accelerated by a high-voltage
  potential (usually 40,000 to 100 000 volts), and
  pass through a condenser lens system usually
  composed of two magnetic lenses. The system
  concentrates the beam on to the specimen, and the
  objective lens provides the primary
  magnification. The final images in the electron
  microscope must be projected on to a
  phosphor-coated screen so that it can be seen.
  For this reason, the lenses that are equivalent
  of the eyepiece in an optical microscope are
  called projector lenses.
• (From Thornley G C,
  Further Scientific English Practice)

8
(2)????

• A Talk about Corrosion
• Dr. Brown Good Morning, Mr. Smith. Can I take
  your coat? Awful weather, isnt it? Sit down.
  Cigarette?
• Mr. Smith No, I dont smoke, thanks very much.
• Dr. Brown Well, Ive been looking into your
  enquiry about the corrosion trouble youve been
  getting in the control valve. Im sorry youve
  had trouble --- quite unexpected --- but I think
  we have the answer. The most probable cause of
  corrosion at a metal-to-metal junction immersed
  in an ionized fluid is electrolytic.
• (From BBC, Scientifically
  Speaking )

9
(3)???????

• ????????????,????????????????,?????????,??????????
  ????????????????,???????????????

10
(4)????

• ?????????????,????????????????????????
• ????????????,?????????????????????????

11
(5)????

• ??????,???????????(Dominated in communicative
  rhetoric), ?????????,??????????????(Aesthetic
  rhetoric)????????
• ???????????(Unity)????(Coherence)?,??????,??????,?
  ??????????

12
?????????

• ??????????,????????????????(Brooks Warren 1979)
• ????(????)??????????,??????????????????,?????????
  ???????????????????????? (???)
• ????(????)???????????,?????????????????????,?????
  ??????????

13

• Sir, we have done everything that could be done
  to avert to the storm which is now coming on. We
  have petitioned we have remonstrated we have
  supplicated we have prostrated ourselves before
  the throne, and have implored its interposition
  to arrest the tyrannical hands of the ministry
  and Parliament. Our petitions have been slighted
  our remonstrances have produced additional
  violence and insult our supplications have been
  disregarded and we have been spurned, with
  contempt, from the foot of throne,There is no
  longer any room for hope.

14

• There is no retreat but in submission and
  slavery! Our chains are forged. Their clanking
  may be heard on the plains of Boston! The war is
  inevitable and let it come! I repeat it, sir, let
  it come!
• Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to
  be purchased at the price of chains and slavery?
  Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course
  other may take, but for me, give me liberty or
  give me death!

15
(6)????

• ????,???????,?????

16
???????????

• ??????????,???????????????,??????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??,?????????????????????????????????,?????????????
  ?????????????????????,??????,????????????????

17

• ?????,??????????????????????????????,????????
  ??????????????????????,?????????????,?????
• ????????

18

• ?????????????,?????(????)?????,????????????,??
  ???????(????),?????????,???????(????)????????

19
(7)??????

• ????,????(??????)?????????????,?????????????,???
  ???????????????
• ????????????????,?????????????
• ??????????????????

20
????????

• It is possible to prove that as the number of
  tosses of coin is increased indefinitely, or to
  infinity, so the binomial distribution becomes
  identical with the normal distribution. For each
  kind of random event there is an underlying
  distribution. The normal or Gaussian
  distribution is very important because it arises
  very often in practice and also because it is
  very important in theory. Many distributions like
  binomial tend to become more and more like the
  normal as the number of events or the size of the
  sample increases.

21

• Another well-known statistical distribution is
  the Poisson distribution. If we are dealing with
  the frequency of occurrence of events which occur
  at random in time and space, we should expect the
  Poisson distribution to play some part in the
  calculation.
• (From BBC, Scientifically Speaking)

22

• ???????????

?? ??????
???????? pig ?
????
dog ?
??,??? cat
?
??,????? cock ??
??,?? horse
?
??,?? fish
? ???,?? snake
?
?? monkey
?? ????,????? fox
??
?? bird
? ??,??
23
???????????

• ?? ?????? ????????
• coat ??
  ??
• cap ??
  ???,??
• shoe ??
  ??,???
• cup ??
  ??,??
• bed ?
  ??,???
• bench ??
  ??,???
• house ??
  ??,?
• disk ??
  ???
• desk ??
  ???
• table ??
  ???

24
?????????????

• ?? ?????? ????????
• eye ?
  ??
• ear ?
  ??
• mouth ?
  ??
• nose ?
  ??
• hand ?
  ??,??
• finger ??
  ???
• foot ?
  ??
• head ?
  ??,??
• neck ?
  ?
• body ??
  ??
• hair ??
  ??
• tooth ??
  ???

25
????

• ??????????????????

26

• ?????????????????????,??????????????(EST
  Stereotype),???????????????(Dullness and
  Heaviness)?
• ??????????????????,???????????,????,???????????,??
  ????????, ????????????????

27
??????

• A large proportion of strokes are proceed
  days, weeks or months before the strokes occur by
  warning signs or symptoms. Prompt attention to
  these symptoms can often make all the difference
  between a healthy life and a half-life in a
  twilight zone.
• The most common warning sign is a
  feeling of weakness or numbness in an arm or leg
  or one side of the body. There may be temporary
  loss of speech or difficulty in speaking or
  understanding speech temporary loss or dimness
  or vision temporary dizziness, unsteadiness or
  fainting spells.

28

• These symptoms are caused by transient
  ischemic attacks (TIAs), or little strokes.
  Ischemic means a deficiency of blood in the
  arteries of the brain. In TIAs, the deficiency
  lasts only for a few seconds or minutes and
  causes only momentary disability.
• As TIAs --- they may be infrequent or
  occur several times a day --- are usually very
  brief and not alarming they are often ignored,
  with tragic consequences. If you promptly report
  them to your doctor, he will take immediate steps
  to discover the cause in order to prevent any
  impending strokes.

29
??????????

• It is interesting to contemplate a tangled
  bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds,
  with birds singing on the bushes, with various
  insects flitting about, and with worms crawling
  through the damp earth, and to reflect that these
  elaborately constructed forms, so different from
  each other, and dependent upon each other in so
  complex a manner, have all been produced by laws
  acting around us. (???????????????)

30

• ?????????,??????????????

31
?????????

• (1)???????,????????,??????????????????????
  ????????????????The author thinks that/The
  authors have investigated /This paper
  illustrates????
• (2)???????????????

32

• (2)??????????????????,???????????????????????????
  ??????????????
• (3)?????,???????????,????,?????????
• (4)???????????,??????????

33
???????????????

• ?????????????????????????(precision)???(clarity)?
  ??(brevity)????????These three criteria are
  highly desirable in scientific writing but they
  should always be considered in that order.
  (David Lindsay, A Guide to Scientific Writing, p.
  38)

34
????????

• 1) ????????(???334?)
• 2) ??????? (335?)
• 3) ?????
• 4) ?????

35
???(Nominalization)

• ?????????????????????????(?????determination,
  transmission, evaluation) ?????????????
• Scientific writing differs greatly from the
  other styles in having a highly proportion of
  noun phrases with complexity (Quirk)

36
????(?????????? Expanded Noun Premodifiers)

• ????????????????
• Illumination intensity determination
  determination of the intensity of illumination
  ??????
• Power transmission relay system a relay system
  for power transmission ??????
• Breast cancer survey program evaluation an
  evaluation of the survey program with regard to
  breast cancer. ???????????

37

• E.g.????????????????
• Archimeds first discovered the principle of
  displacement of water by solid bodies.
• ??of displacement of water by solid bodies
  ??????,???????????,?????displacement ?????

38
????????

• ????????John Swales ???,???????????????????
  ??????????????,?????????????????,?????????????????
  ??????,???????

39

• E.g.???????????
• Attention must be paid to the working temperature
  of the machine.
• ????You must pay attention to the
  working temperature of the machine
  .??????????????
• ??,????,???????????,???????????????????????

40

• ?????
• ????,??????????,????,??,?????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????,??????

41

• E.g. ???????????????????? A direct current is
  a current flowing always in the same direction.
• ???????????????????????
• Materials to be used for structural purposes
  are chosen so as to behave elastically in
  the environmental conditions.

42

• ????????,??????????
• 1)?????
• ????????????????
• The forces due to friction are called
  frictional forces. 2)??????????
• ????????????
• In this factory the only fuel available is
  coal.

43

• 3)??????????????????
• The air outside pressed the side in .
• 4)?????,????????????????????????The results
  obtained must be checked.
• 5)???????????,?????????????? During
  construction, problems often arise which require
  design changes.

44

• ??????
• ????????????????????????????,??????????????,??????
  ???????????????????????????????

45

• ????
• ????????????????,?????????????????????It---that---
  ???????????????,????????,?????????
• ?? ??,??????,???????????? It is evident that a
  well lubricated bearing turns more easily than a
  dry one.???????????????????? Computers may be
  classified as analog and digital.

46

• ??
• ??????????,??????,????,????????????????????????,??
  ?????

47

• ??
• ????????,??????????????????????????????
  ??????,??????????????????????????????????????????
  

48

• The efforts that have been made to
  explain optical phenomena by means of the
  hypothesis of a medium having the same physical
  character as an elastic solid body led, in the
  first instance, to the understanding of a
  concrete example of a medium which can transmit
  transverse vibrations, and at a later stage to
  the definite conclusion that there is no
  luminiferous medium having the physical character
  assumed in the hypothesis.

49
??????

• 1)????????????,??????????????????????????????????
  ???????,???????????,??????????,???????????????????
  ???

50

• ???????
• ??????
• This is a pyrometer.
• ??????
• A dictionary is a good teacher.

51

• it???
• it???????????,??????,?????????????
• ????????????
• It takes much time to carry out a
  test. ????????????????
• It is this molecular motion that we
  call heat.

52

• ??????????????
• ???????586????
• Yesterday, he
  bought a 586.

53

• ?????????,??????????,??????????
• ?????????????,??????????
• We can turn electric energy into light
  energy as well as into heat energy?

54
?????????????

• 1.????
• ????,??????????????,????????,????????????
  ,?????????????????

55

• 1)???????
• ????????????????
• The use of solar energy should be paid
  attention to.
• ????????????
• Solar will be used on a large scale.

56

• 2)??This is?is???,???????????
  
• ????????????????This kind of device is much
  needed in the speed-regulating system.

57

• 3) ???????????????????,?????????
• ??????????????
• Radios of the old type are being replaced by
  new ones.

58

• 2.????
• ????????,???????????????????????????,it was
  not until????????????,?????at all, whatever,
  nearly??????????????

59

• ???????,?????????it was not until the teacher
  came that they began the test.
• ????????????????She would not possible have
  done the experiment alone.

60

• 3.???? ???????????????????
• 1)???????????????????????????????????,????????????
  ????????????? ?

61

• ?????????????????
• The earth does not move in empty space.

62

• 2)???????????????all, every, both, always, many,
  often???????????not????????????not, no, never,
  none, neither, nothing, nobody,
  nowhere???????barely, hardly, only, rarely,
  scarcely, seldom, little, few????????

63
?????

• ?????????????????????????????????,?????????????
• ??????????????????????????

64
????????

• ????????????,???(Safari)?????(Monte Carlo),
  ???????????????????????????????,?????,
  ????????????????????,???????????????????,????????
  ????,????,?????????????????

65
??1

• The cars which are used in rallies like the
  Safari or the Monte Carlo look the same as
  ordinary cars which have been bought from a
  garage. In fact, they are not the same they are
  cars which have been specially prepared. Firstly,
  only components which have been rigorously tested
  are used. Secondly, the components which are
  chosen are put together much more carefully. In
  other words, the cars which are driven in rallies
  are in effect cars that have been built by hand.
  

66
??2

• The rally-used cars like Safari or the Monte
  Carlo look the same as ordinary garage-bought
  cars. In fact, they are not the same they are
  specially-prepared cars. Firstly, only
  rigorously-tested components are used. Secondly,
  the chosen components are put together carefully.
  In other words, the rally-driven cars are in
  effect hand-built cars.

67
???????

• ????????????????????????,????????12??????????
  ??10??????????????????????????????,??????????

68
??1

• The box for the tools, which is made of
  steel, is kept in the room for stores. In
  addition to the standard tools, it should contain
  a ruler for measuring up to 12 inches, some wire
  made of copper, some nails 10 centimeters long, a
  number of plugs with 2 pins, some wire for fuses
  and a can containing oil. If any tools are
  missing, the manager of the workshop should be
  told.

69
??2

• The steel tool box is kept in the storeroom.
  In addition to the standard tools, it should
  contain a 12-inch ruler, some copper wire, some
  10-centimeter nails, and a number of 2-inch
  plugs, some fuse wires and an oil can. If any
  tools are missing, the workshop manager should be
  told.

70
1. ???????????????,????????????

• ???????????????????,?????????????????,????,??????,
  ??????,???????????

71

• Considering that the new situation presents a
  historic opportunity for railway development as
  well as a serious challenge, the railway sector
  must seize the opportunity to work out a strategy
  to meet the challenge, and realize the great
  development of railway.

72

• ????????,??????????????????????????????????,??????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????

73

• We can see color only because object reflects
  light. Something red reflects mostly red light,
  while a green object reflects mostly green light.
  White objects reflect all colors of light, but
  black objects do not reflect any light at all.

74
2.??????????,??????????????????????????????

• ?????????????????????????????????????????????????,
  ???????????????????????????, ????????????????

75

• The most logical step to relieve the housewife of
  routine is to provide a robot slave which can be
  trained to meet the requirements of a particular
  home and can be programmed to carry out half a
  dozen or more standard operations, when so
  switched by the housewife.

76
3. ?????????????,????????,?????????????????

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????,??????????????????????

77

• During the Eighth and Ninth Five-Year Plan
  periods, great effort should be devoted to
  construction of six major routes, namely, a
  south-north route, a route for shipping coal, a
  northwest route, a northeast route, an East China
  route and the route connecting coastal ports and
  the hinterland, among which the route for
  shipping coal of Shanxi Province and the
  south-north route will be given top priority.

78
4. ?????????,??????????????????

• ?????????????????,???????????????????????????
• The value of industrial diamonds lies in their
  hardness, not in their beauty, and in the
  thousands of jobs they do.

79

• ????????????????????????,???1907?,?????,??????????
  ???????1918???, ????,???????

80

• Jinan University has had a long and chequered
  history. It was first founded in 1907 at Nanjing
  as Jian School mainly for the children of
  overseas Chinese, closed for a period of time
  after the 1911 Revolution but reopened in 1918,
  and then moved to Shanghai where it became Jinan
  University.

81
5 ????????????????????????,????????????

• ???????????????????,???????,????????????,???????,?
  ???,????????????,???????

82

• Science deals with things in a practical way.
  Science means honest, solid knowledge, allowing
  not an iota of falsehood, and it involves
  Herculean efforts and grueling toil, but on the
  other hand, science also calls for creativeness
  and imagination only with imagination is it
  possible to break away from the confines of
  conventionalities and to make headway in science.