The Inca Empire

1
The Inca Empire

• Coach Smith
• Coppell HS

2
Background

• Empire extended along the Pacific coast and
  Andean highlands from northern border of modern
  Ecuador to Maule River in central Chile
• Inca originated in village of Paqari-tampu, about
  15mi south of Cuzco
• Official language Quecha

3

• Polytheistic religion- Pantheon headed by
  Inti-the sun god
• combined features of animism, fetishism, worship
  of nature gods
• offered food, clothing, and drink
• rituals included forms of divination, sacrifice
  of humans and animals

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Events leading to Rise and Fall

• 1438 Manco Capac established capital at Cuzco
  (Peru)
• 1400-1500 Pachacuti gained control of Andean
  population about 12 million people
• 1525 Emperor Huayna Capac died of plague civil
  war broke out between two sons because no
  successor named
• 1532 Spanish arrived in Peru
• 1535 Empire lost

5
Francisco Pizarro

• 1527 Pizarro wanted to discover wealth
  embarked on his third voyage to the New World
• Sept. to Nov. 1532
• The Cajamarca massacre- Pizarro led 160
  Spaniards to Cuzco, slaughtering over 2,000 Inca
  and injuring 5,000

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• November 16, 1532 Atahualpa captured by
  Spaniards, offered gold for his freedom.
• Pizarro accepted more than 11 tons of gold
• (6 million) baubles, dishes, icons,
  ornaments, jewelry, vases, but never released
  Atahualpa.
• July 26, 1533 Atahualpa was killed

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Important People/Positions

• Emperors known by various titles, Sapa Inca,
  Capac Apu, Intip Cori, or Inca
• Manco Capac (1000 CE)
• Sinchi Roca (1230)
• Lloque Yupanqui (1260)
• Mayta Capac (1300)
• Capac Yupanqui (1320)
• Inca Roca (1350)
• Yahuar Huacac (1380)
• Viracocha Inca (1410)
• Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui (1438-71)
• Topa Inca Yupanqui (1471-93)
• Huayna Capac (1493-1525)
• Huascar (1527-32) 
• Atahualpa (1532-33)

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Manco Capac (1022-1107)

• founder of Inca dynasty
• declared himself Sapa Inca, divine son of the Sun
• skilled warrior and leader
• chief religious leader
• exercised absolute power

9
Pachacuti (1438-1471)

• Usurped throne form brother Inca Urcon
• Considered the founder of the Inca Empire
• Skilled warrior and chief religious leader
• Claimed he was divine, son of the sun
• Exercised absolute power

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Important Positions

• Local governors responsible for exacting labor
  tax which could be paid by service in army, on
  public works, or in agricultural work
• Coya carried out important religious duties and
  governed when Sapa Inca absent
• Nobles ruled provinces w/ chieftains Inca
  conquered

11
Political Philosophy

• policy of forced resettlement ensured political
  stability
• officials collected taxes, enforced laws, kept
  records on a quipu (collection of knotted colored
  strings) which noted dates, events, population,
  crops
• use of road system strictly limited to
  government, military business
• all land belonged to Inca, crops allotted to
  specific groups, government took possession of
  each harvest
• private property forbidden, crime nonexistent,
  citizens never starved
• no written records oral tradition preserved
  through generations

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Economic Developments

• constructed aquaducts, cities, temples,
  fortresses, short rock tunnels, suspension
  bridges, 2250mi road system
• metal works of alloy, copper, tin, bronze, silver
  gold
• developed important medical practices- surgery on
  human skull, anesthesia
• resources-corn, potatoes, coffee, grain
• created woven baskets, woodwinds

13
Military Expansion

• attacked, looted villages of neighboring peoples,
  assessing tribute
• program of permanent conquest, establishing
  garrisons among settlements of peoples whom they
  conquered
• conquered and assimilated people of Brazil,
  Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, and Peru
• gained territory south to the Titicaca Basin,
  north to present-day Quito making subject peoples
  of powerful Chancas, Quecha, kingdom of Chimu
• empire reached southernmost extent in central
  Chile, last vestiges of resistance on southern
  Perurian coast eliminated
• pushed northern boundary of empire to Ancasmayo
  River

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Cultural Conflict Cooperation

• religious institutions destroyed by Spanish
  conquerors campaign against idolatry
• Spaniards superior military technology
• horses, muskets, cannons, metal helmets, armor,
  steel swords and lances
• Incan Bronze Age weapons
• llamas, clubs, sticks, wooden spears and arrows
• division discontent among Inca, Spanish played
  on old feuds
• disease brought by Europeans
• survivors felt gods were less powerful than those
  of conquerors
• Incans believed that disasters marked worlds end

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Today

• descendants of Inca are present day
  Quechua-speaking peasants of Andes, constitute
  about 45 population of Peru
• combine farming, herding w/ simple traditional
  technology
• rural settlements three kinds families living in
  midst of fields, true village communities w/
  fields outside of inhabited centers, combination
  of two
• towns centers of mestizo (mixed-blood) population
• Indian community close-knit, families usually
  intermarrying much of agricultural work done
  cooperatively
• religion is Roman Catholicism infused w/ pagan
  hierarchy of spirits and deities

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Bibliography

• Bernhard, Brendan. Pizarro, Orellana, and the
  Exploration of the Amazon. New York Chealsea
  House Publishers, 1991.
• Editors of Time-Life Books. Incas Lords of Gold
  and Glory. Alexandria Time-Life Books, 1992.
• Ellis, Elizabeth Gaynor Esler, Anthony. World
  History Connections to Today. New Jersey
  Prentice Hall, Inc., 2001.
• Ogburn, Dennis E. The Empire of the Incas. 7
  Oct. 1997. 24 Feb. 2006 lthttp//www.millville.org
  /workshops_f/acker_inca/ inca.htmgt
• "Inca." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2006.
  Encyclopedia Britannica Premium Service. 26 Feb.
  2006 lthttp//www.britannica.com/eb/
  article?tocId9042237gt.
• Inca. Grolier Universal Encyclopedia. Volume
  5. New York Grolier Inc., 1965.