11 Human health physiology 2

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11 Human health physiology 2
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11.1.1 Describe the process of clotting.

• 1) Platelets and damaged cells release clotting
  factors.
• 2) Prothrombin?thrombin
• 3) Fibrinogen?fibrin, which captures red blood
  cells.

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11.1.2 Outline the principle of challenge and
response, clonal selection and memory cells as
the basis of immunity.
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11.1.3 Define active immunity, passive immunity,
natural immunity and artificial immunity.

• Active immunity- immunity due to the production
  of antibodies by the organism itself after the
  bodys defense mechanisms have been stimulated by
  invasion of foreign microorganisms.
• Passive immunity- immunity due to the acquisition
  of antibodies from another organism in which
  active immunity has been stimulated, including
  via placenta or in the colostrum.
• Natural immunity- immunity due to infection.
• Artificial immunity- immunity due to innoculation.

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11.1.4 Explain antibody production.

• 1) Macrophage presents antigen to helper T cell
• 2) Helper T cell activates B cell
• 3) B cells divide to form clones of plasma cells
  and memory cells, which secrete antibodies.
• Plasma cells- fight the pathogen immediately.
• Memory cells- stay in body, armed and ready if
  the pathogen appears in again in the future.

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11.1.5 Describe the production of monoclonal
antibodies, and include one use in diagnosis and
one use in treatment.

• Monoclonal antibodies are produced by fusing
  cancerous tumor cells with B-cell. This hybrid
  cell then proliferates and produces antibodies in
  perpetuity.
• Diagnosis- used to detect HIV in the blood
  stream, as well as HCG in pregnancy tests.
• Treatment- emergency treatment of rabies, blood
  and tissue typing for transplants.

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11.1.6 Outline the principle of vaccination.

• A vaccine introduces the disabled pathogen in
  some for to the body, stimulating an immune
  response. Memory cells are created and circulate
  in the body, in case the real pathogen ever shows
  up.