Nuclear Security

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Nuclear Security
IAEA Seminar on Nuclear Science and Technology

• Anita Nilsson
• Director, Office of Nuclear Security

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Main Threats of Nuclear Terrorism

• A nuclear explosive device
• Theft of device
• Theft of material to make a device
• Radiological Dispersal Device
• Theft of radioactive material
• Sabotage for dispersal
• A nuclear facility/location
• Transport

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The Dual Use Aspect

• Dilemma
• Peaceful uses of nuclear technologies are
  essential for development, and of vital
  importance in our daily lives
• Nuclear materials for nuclear weapons require,
  produced with similar or the same physics and
  chemical processes
• I.E. The same processes for peaceful and
  military applications
• Thus, the use of nuclear technologies must be
  based on a universal acceptance and
  implementation of States obligations for
  peaceful, safe and secure uses.

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Growing energy demand nuclear expectations
Many Countries have declared their interest for
nuclear energy. This will result in a significant
growth in nuclear energy

• Will result in increased production of source
  material, more nuclear power plants, fuel cycle
  facilities and waste disposal facilities. The
  volume of transports will increase.

Measures for nuclear security must be
systematically implemented, alongside with
nuclear safety

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Global Security EvolutionCold War - Post Cold
War - Post 9/11
Main Players

• Nation-states
• Bi-polar
• Superpowers

• Non-States
• Small states
• Global network

Threats

• Low density, low intensity
• Higher probability
• Socio - psychological terror

• High density, high intensity
• Lower Probability
• Physical overkill

• Geopolitical
• Predictable
• Calculable

• Malicious
• Unpredictable
• Incalculable

Motives
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Illicit nuclear trafficking

• Established in 1995
• Network of points of contact connecting 94 states
  and several international organizations
• Information collected from official sources
  supplemented by open sources
• Provision of raw data, statistics and
  analytical products
• Expanding work to improve scope and
• quality of data collection
• Building a network to improve knowledge sharing
  among national and international relevant
  authorities

ITDB programme Membership
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Aggregate confirmed information, 1993-2006

• 1079 confirmed incidents, as of 31 December 2006
• 252 incidents confirmed during 2006 149
  occurred in 2006, 103 before 2006.

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Legal instruments to combat nuclear terrorism

• Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear
  Materials (Amended in 2005)
• gt110 States (and Euratom) Parties.
• Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear
  Terrorism
• gt100 States signatories
• Safeguards Agreements and Additional Protocols
• Several States have yet to sign and ratify the
  Additional Protocol.
• UN Security Council Resolutions 1540 and 1374
• Obligations are binding for all States.
• Nuclear Safety Conventions
• Non-binding Code of Conduct on the Safety and
  Security of Radioactive Sources

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Global Nuclear Security Regime

• Nuclear Safeguard Non-proliferation
• Nuclear Security Counter Terrorism
• Nuclear Safety Technical Accident Prevention

Holistic Approach
Safeguard
Safeguard
Safety
Security
Safety
Security
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Basic approaches for international efforts to
strengthen nuclear (and radiological) security

• Responsibility for nuclear and radiological
  security rests with each individual State.
• Nuclear, and radiological, terrorism is one of
  the greatest threats to society.
• The building of infrastructure to combat nuclear
  terrorism is in the beginning efforts must be
  accelerated to catch up with the need to
  strengthen prevention against such acts.
• The IAEA has an important role in the global
  efforts to improve the global nuclear security
  framework and for promoting its implementation.
• New recognition of the need of broad approaches
  and of synergies between security, safety and
  safeguards.
• Establish international cooperation while
  maintaining confidentiality of sensitive
  information.

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Comprehensive Nuclear Security Approach
Needs assessment, analysis and information
Information data-banks, Illicit Trafficking
Database, analysis of information, programme
feed-back Integrated Nuclear Security Support
Plans, Interaction with general public.
Security Infrastructure
Maintaining confidentiality of information
Prevention
Accountancy, SSAC, registry of sources
(first line of defence)
Physical protection
Detection and Monitoring, interdiction and seizure
Threat assessment and response
Detection Response
Law Enforcement, intelligence
(second line of defence)
Mitigation and Recovery
Radiological Event
Radiological emergency response
Nuclear Security Support
(Knowledge Base, Legal Framework)
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IAEA Nuclear Security ProgrammeFields of
Activities

• Facilitating the establishment of international
  legal instruments
• Developing the nuclear security framework
• Guidance and recommendations The Nuclear Security
  Series documents
• Evaluation advisory services to States
• Capacity building in States
• Human resource development training at all
  levels, graduate education.
• Technical assistance and advice
• Detection and security equipment and upgrades
• Risk reduction in States
• Facilitating the recovery and securing of
  materials e.g. research reactor fuel, orphan
  sources, vulnerable sources
• Facilitating reactor conversions or
  decommissioning
• Research and Development
• Information services

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Concluding remarks

• The strengthened platform of international legal
  instruments is a very significant step forward
  and a major challenge for States and the IAEA.
• The ratification and implementation of the
  international instruments must be accelerated.
  (All) States must drive this process with
  dedication.
• Increased coordination and cooperation is
  required, including for education, training,
  detection equipment, scientific support and
  information analysis and feedback.
• IAEA to maintain a leading role in the global
  efforts to improve global nuclear (and
  radiological) security and provide assistance to
  countries with limited resources.
• International cooperation and coordination is
  essential and must be strengthened.

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