Chapter 6 Section 1

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Chapter 6 Section 1

• Age of Invention

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Industrial Innovations

• 1865-1905 surge of industrial growth
• Numerous discoveries and inventions change
  manufacturing, transportation and everyday life
• Steel spurred growth
• Construction of heavy machinery
• Build railroads, bridges and skyscrapers

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Steel

• Before mid 1800s process to make steel is
  expensive
• 1850s Henry Bessemer and William Kelly invent
  new process

4
Bessemer Process

• Burn off impurities with blast of hot air
• Could produce more in one day than older process
  could in a week
• Alexander Holley improves process

5
Steel Production

• Production soars from 15,000 tons in 1865 to 28
  million tons by 1910
• Requires a lot of iron ore
• Gary, Indiana Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and
  Cleveland, Ohio become centers of Steel
  production
• Coal mined in Pennsylvania and West Virginia
  provide fuel

6
Oil

• By late 1850s chemists make progress in refining
  process of crude oil
• Crude oil is converted to kerosene byproduct of
  gasoline thrown away

7
Edwin Drake

• Drills in Titusville, Pennsylvaniaused steam
  engine to push oil out of ground
• Drakes Folly produced about 20 barrels of oil a
  day

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Oil

• 1880s oil wells pop up in Ohio, Pennsylvania and
  West Virginia
• Oil production in 1880 tops 25 million barrels

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Spindletop

• 1901 Anthony Lucas strikes oil in Beaumont, Texas
• Production peaked in 1902 at 17 million barrels
• 20 of U.S. production came from Spindletop
• By 1904 only produced 10,000 barrels/day

10
Elijah McCoy

• Develops a lubricating cup to feed oil to
  machines

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Transportation

• Development of new technologically advanced forms
  of transportation

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Railroads

• Availability of steel impacted expansion
• Prices dropped dramatically
• 100 a ton in 1873
• 12 a ton in 1890s
• Allowed laying of 1000s of miles of track

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Transcontinental Railroad

• Completed in 1869 near Promontory Point, Utah
• Central Pacific came from California --east
• Union Pacific from Nebraskawest
• Huge land grants to each company were given to
  help pay for costs

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George Westinghouse

• Developed compressed air brake increasing
  safety
• Granville Woods improved air brake and developed
  communication system

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Improvements to railroads

• Double sets of tracks allowed traffic in both
  directions
• Standard gauge rails allow locomotives to travel
  anywhere
• Western settlement became affordable and easy
• Stimulated urban growth around railroad
  terminuses
• Refrigerated boxcars allowed transportation of
  goods throughout country
• Helped shape popular culture and folk music

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Horseless Carriage

• Originally developed in 1770 by Frenchman
  Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot
• Nikolaus Otto developed internal combustion
  engine powered by gasoline in 1876

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Charles and Frank Duryea

• 1893 built first practical motorcar in United
  States
• Only wealthy could afford

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Airplanes

• Orville and Wilbur Wright developed first working
  airplane
• December 17, 1903 Kitty Hawk, N.C.
• 12 second flight 120 feet
• Received little public attention or press coverage

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Communication inventions

• Telegraph Samuel Morse developed and filed or
  patent in 1837
• Received little attention until realization of
  its business potential
• By 1866 Western Union had more than 2,000 offices
• Telegraph grew with the railroad

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Telephone

• Alexander Graham Bell March 1876
• Demonstrated at Philadelphia Centennial
  Exposition in June of 1876
• Businessmen saw immediate impact
• By end of 1800s more than 1 million phones
  installed in offices and homes
• American Telephone and Telegraph
• Required operators to connect usually women

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Typewriter

• Christopher Sholes in 1867
• Sold patent in 1873 to Remington Sons
• Keyboard design still in use
• Gave rise to typing pools allowed more women to
  work

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Thomas Alva Edison

• Born in 1847
• Schooled at home majority of time
• Newsboy at age of 12
• Went into Invention Business in 1876
  established workshop at Menlo Park, New Jersey

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Inventions

• 1869 patented the electric vote recorder and the
  telegraph stock ticker
• 1877 Phonograph
• 1879 Electric Light bulb
• Lewis Latimer assisted in development
• Improved on Bells telephone transmitter
• When he died in 1931 held more than 1000 patents

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AC/DC

• Alternating current versus direct current
• 1882 Edison opens power plant in New York City
  used direct current electricity
• Could be delivered in only small area around
  plant
• George Westinghouse and Nikola Tesla developed
  alternating current transformer could travel
  long distances
• Which current won?

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World Columbian Exposition

• Held in Chicago in 1893
• Westinghouse and Tesla lit up buildings at night
• Symbolized transformation of American life
• Electric lights replace gaslights
• Electric streetcars replace horse carriage