The Start of Industrialization

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The Start of Industrialization

• The Industrial Revolution begins in Great Britan
  and soon spreads to other countries.

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Objectives

• 1.Students will analyze the impact
  (costs/benefits) of the Industrial Revolution on
  variousgroups of people in society (gender,
  children, socio-economic class, etc.)
• 2.Students will evaluate the impact of
  industrialization on the environment, cities, and
  the people.
• 3.Students will compare and contrast the new
  ideologies which developed in response to the
  conditions/abuses of the Industrial Revolution
  (liberalism, conservatism, socialism, and
  communism).

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Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain

• New Ways of Working
• Industrial Revolutiongreatly increases output of
  machine-made goods.
• Revolution begins in England in the middle 1700s.

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Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain

• The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way
• Enclosureslarge farm fields enclosed by fences
  or hedges
• Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once owned
  by village farmers.
• Enclosures allowed experimentation with new
  agricultural methods

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Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain

• Rotating Crops
• Crop rotationswitching crops each year to avoid
  depleting soil
• Livestock breeders allow only the best to breed,
  improve food supply.

Satellite image of rotated crops in Kansas in
June 2001
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Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain

• Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England
• Industrializationmove to machine production of
  goods
• Britain has natural resourcescoal, iron, rivers,
  harbors
• Expanding economy in Britain encourages
  investment
• Britain has all needed factors of
  productionland, labor, capital

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Inventions Spur Industrialization

• Changes in the Textile Industry
• Weavers work faster with flying shuttles and
  spinning jennies
• Water frame uses water power to drive spinning
  wheels

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Spinning Jenny
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• carding machine-replaces the hand process of
  combing out the fibers before they can be spun
  into yarn or thread.

• Carding is a mechanical process that breaks up
  locks and unorganized clumps of fiber and then
  aligns the individual fibers so that they are
  more or less parallel with each other. This
  enabled them to be more easily spun into thread.
  The old method was done by hand using these tools.

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Inventions Spur Industrialization

• Power loom, and spinning mule (next slide) speed
  up production, improve quality.

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Inventions Spur Industrialization

• Factoriesbuildings that contain machinery for
  manufacturing

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Inventions Spur Industrialization
"The First Cotton Gin" - An engraving from
Harper's Magazine, 1869. This carving depicts a
roller gin, which preceded Whitney's invention.

• Cotton gin boosts American cotton production to
  meet British demand

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Improvements in Transportation

• Watts Steam Engine
• Need for cheap, convenient power spurs
  development of steam engine
• James Watt improves steam engine, financed by
  Matthew Boulton
• Boultonan entrepreneurorganizes, manages, takes
  business risks.

Matthew Boulton
James Watt
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Steam engine designed by Boulton  Watt.
Engraving of a 1784 engine.
Reproduction of James Watt's steam engine
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Improvements in Transportation

• Water Transportation
• Robert Fulton builds first steamboat, the
  Clermont, in 1807
• Englands water transport improved by system of
  canals

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Fultons North River Steamboat as it appeared in
1807, later named Clermont
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Improvements in Transportation

• Road Transportation
• British roads are improved companies operate
  them as toll roads. These were called turnpike
  trusts.

The A4 is a historic major road in England,
portions of which are known as the Great West
Road and Bath Road.
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Improvements in Transportation

• By the early Victorian period toll gates were
  perceived as an impediment to free trade. The
  multitude of small trusts were frequently charged
  with being inefficient in use of resources and
  potentially suffered from petty corruption.
• The railway era spelt disaster for most turnpike
  trusts.

The Round House (Old Toll House) at Stanton Drew
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The Railway Age Begins

• Steam-Driven Locomotives
• In 1804, Richard Trevithick builds first
  steam-driven locomotive

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Trevithick's No. 14 engine, built by Hazledine
and Co., Bridgnorth, about 1804, and illustrated
after being rescued circa 1885 from Scientific
American Supplement, Vol. XIX, No. 470, January
3, 1885.
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The Coalbrookdale company then built a rail
locomotive for him, but little is known about it,
including whether or not it actually ran.
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Trevithick's 1804 locomotive. This full-scale
replica of steam-powered railway locomotive is in
the National Waterfront Museum, Swansea
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The Railway Age Begins

• In 1825, George Stephenson builds worlds first
  railroad line.
• He is called the Father of Railways.
• His rail gauge of 4 feet 8½ inches (1,435 mm),
  sometimes called "Stephenson gauge", is the
  world's standard gauge.

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The Railway Age Begins

• Liverpool-Manchester Railroad
• Entrepreneurs build railroad from Liverpool to
  Manchester

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The Railway Age Begins

• Stephensons Rocket acknowledged as the best
  locomotive (1829)

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The Railway Age Begins

• Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain
• Railroads spur industrial growth, create jobs
• Cheaper transportation boosts many industries
  people move to cities