War and Revolution

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Chapter 16

• War and Revolution

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Section 1 The Road to WWI

• European nations continued to compete for control
  of colonies and trade.
• Those powers divided into 2 alliances
• Triple Alliance Germany, Austria-Hungary, and
  Italy
• Triple Entente France, Great Britain, and
  Russia

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• Increased tensions
• Socialist labor movements grew more powerful
• Growth of mass armies doubled in size between
  1880 and 1914
• Militarism, the aggressive preparation for war,
  grew also.

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• Outbreak of War
• Serbia wanted to create an independent state in
  the Balkans. They were supported by Russia.
• June 28, 1914, Archduke Francis Ferdinand was
  assassinated by Gavrilo Princip.
• Austrian rulers wanted to attack Serbia because
  of the assassination.
• Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July
  28, 1914.

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• As a result of the declaration of war on Serbia,
  Czar Nicholas II of Russia mobilizes the Russian
  army against Austria-Hungary. This was
  considered an act of war by Germany.
• Germany declared war on Russia on August 1.
• Germany also declared war on France on August 3
  and planned to pass through Belgian territory,
  which was neutral.
• As a result, Great Britain declared war on
  Germany.

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Section 2 The War

• Governments used propaganda to influence public
  opinion for or against the war.
• As a result, most people believed that their
  nations cause was justified. They also believed
  that the war would be over in just a few weeks.

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• Western Front
• Germany had hopes of sweeping around Paris to
  capture it.
• They were halted outside of Paris at the First
  Battle of the Marne in September.
• War quickly turned into a stalemate, as neither
  the French or Germans could dislodge the other
  from the trenches they had dug for shelter.
• Trench warfare kept both sides in virtually the
  same positions for four years.

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• Trench Warfare
• Troops lived in holes in the ground, separated
  from each other by a strip of land known as
  no-mans land.

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• Eastern Front
• Russia moved into eastern Germany but was
  defeated at the Battle of Tannenberg in August
  and at the Battle of Masurian Lakes in September.
• As a result, the Russians were no longer a threat
  to German territory.

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• Italys betrayal
• Italy attacked Austria in May of 1915.
• Italy joined Great Britain, France, and Russia.
  They were now called the Allied Powers or Allies.
• Russia casualties were tremendous 2.5 million
  had been killed, captured, or wounded. The
  Russians has almost been knocked out of the war.
• Serbia was eliminated from the war by Germany and
  Austria-Hungary.

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• Entry of the United States
• The U.S. tried to remain neutral.
• However, the naval war between Germany and Great
  Britain would cause the U.S. to become involved.
• Germans used unrestricted submarine warfare,
  which included the sinking of passenger ships.
• They sank the British ship Lusitania on May 7,
  1915.
• Over 100 Americans died on that ship.

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• War and Women
• WWI created new roles for women.
• As men left for war, women took over their jobs.
• Some of these jobs included truck drivers,
  chimney sweeps, and factory workers in heavy
  industry.
• These jobs and benefits would not last. After
  returning home from the war, the men would go
  back to their old jobs.
• Biggest gain for women was the right to vote.
• Germany, Austria and the United States

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Section 3 The Russian Revolution

• Russia was not prepared for the total war of WWI.
• Czar Nicholas II was leading the armed forces.
• Industry could not produce the necessary weapons.
• Russian army suffered severe losses.
• 2 million soldiers killed
• 4 to 6 million wounded or captured

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• While Nicholas was on the battlefront, his wife,
  Alexandria, made all of the important decisions.
• She often consulted Grigori Rasputin, a Siberian
  peasant who claimed to be a holy man, before
  making any decisions.

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• The Russian people grew more and more upset with
  the czarist regime.
• They assassinated Rasputin.
• Led a series of strikes starting in March of
  1917, in the capital city of Petrograd.
• All of the factories shut down.
• Government urged the czar to step down.
• He abdicated on March 15, 1917.

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• Bolsheviks
• A soviet group led by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
• Dedicated to violent revolution
• Overthrew the provisional government set up after
  the czar abdicated
• They promised to end the war, redistribute the
  land to the peasants, transform the factories,
  and gain power
• Peace, Land, Bread
• Worker Control of Production
• All Power to the Soviets

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• After seizing control of the government, the
  Bolsheviks renamed themselves the Communists.
• Peace did not come because of civil war
• The Reds (Communists) had to fight the Whites
  (anti-Communists) for power.
• After defeating the White forces, the soviets
  murdered the czar and his family.

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• The Reds won because
• The Red Army was well-disciplined
• Disunity between the Whites - some wanted to
  reinstate the czarist rule while others wanted a
  democratic government
• Red Terror period when secret police abolished
  anyone that opposed the soviets

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Section 4 End of the War

• The entrance of the U.S. would prove to be
  crucial in winning the war.
• German advances towards Paris were defeated at
  the Second Battle of the Marne in July 1918.
• More than 1 million troops poured into France
• New German government called for armistice in
  November of 1918

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• Peace Settlement
• Paris Peace Conference
• Woodrow Wilson outlined his Fourteen Points
  settlement
• Great Britain and France wanted to make Germany
  pay for the war
• Germany was not invited to the peace conference
  and Russian could not attend because of their
  civil war.
• League of Nations created world organization
  created to prevent future wars

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• Treaty of Versailles of 1919
• Ordered Germany to pay reparations for all the
  damage
• Germany had to reduce its army, cut back its
  navy, and eliminate its air force

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• The Wars Legacy
• Power of governments over the lives of their
  citizens increased
• Freedom of the press and speech were limited in
  the name of national security
• Revolutions broke up old empires and created new
  states

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