Splash Screen

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Splash Screen
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Chapter Overview 2
Social Structure and Society
Summary of Topics

• Social Structure and Status
• Social Structure and Roles
• Preindustrial Societies
• Industrial and Postindustrial Societies

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the right arrow to proceed through the chapter
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Chapter 3
Social Structure and Status
The underlying pattern of social relationships in
a group is called social structure.

• Status is one very important element of social
  structure. Status is a position a person occupies
  within a social structure.
• Status helps us define who and what we are in
  relation to others within the same social
  structure.
• Sociologists are interested in the relationships
  among social statuses.

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Chapter 4
Everyone Has Status

• Social statuses do not exist in isolation.
• All statuses are interrelated with other statuses.

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Chapter 5
What is an ascribed status?

• Ascribed status is neither earned nor chosen it
  is assigned to us.
• At birth, an infant is either male or female. We
  do not choose our gender.
• Age is another example of an ascribed social
  status.
• In some societies, religion and social class are
  ascribed by the family of birth. If you were
  born into a lower-class home in India, for
  example, you would not be permitted to rise to a
  higher social class.

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Chapter 6
How is status achieved?

• Achieved status is possible where people have
  some degree of control and choice.
• In most modern societies, an individual can
  decide to become a spouse or a parent.
• Occupations are also achieved statuses in modern
  societies where people have freedom to choose
  their work.

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Chapter 7
What is a status set?
A status set is all of the statuses that a person
occupies at any particular time.
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Chapter 8
Are all of a persons statuses equal?

• Master statuses are important because they
  influence most other aspects of the persons
  life.
• In industrial societies, occupationsachieved,
  for the most partare master statuses because
  your occupation strongly influences such matters
  as where you live, how well you live, and how
  long you live.
• Age, gender, race, and ethnicity are examples of
  ascribed master statuses because they
  significantly affect the likelihood of achieving
  other social statuses.

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Chapter 9
Match the definition with the type of status
(a-d) it best describes.
d
___1. wife, mother, author, church choir
director ___2. electrician, spouse ___3. the
presidency of the United States, professional
athlete ___4. sex, gender, race ___5. daughter,
son ___6. quarterback, coach, fan, trainer
a. ascribed status b. achieved status c. master
status d. status set
b
c
a
a
d
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display the answers.
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Chapter 10
Social Structure and Roles

• People interact according to prescribed roles,
  which carry certain rights and obligations.
• Sometimes conflict or strain occurs when an
  individual has too many roles to play.

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Chapter 11
Rights and Obligations

• An expected behavior associated with a particular
  status is a role.

• Any status carries with it a variety of roles.
• Roles can be thought of a statuses in action.
• Statuses describe positions roles describe
  behaviors.

• Rights are behaviors that individuals expect from
  others. Obligations are behaviors that
  individuals are expected to perform toward others.

The rights of one status correspond to the
obligations of another. Doctors are obligated to
diagnose their patients illnesses.Correspondingl
y, patients have the right to expect their
doctors to diagnose to the best of their ability.
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Chapter 12
Rights and Obligations
In terms of a play

• Roles are the part of the script that tells the
  actors (status holders) what beliefs, feelings,
  and actions are expected from them.
• A playwright or screenwriter specifies the
  content of a performers part.
• In the same way, culture underlies the parts
  played in real life.
• For example, mothers have different maternal
  scripts in different cultures.

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Chapter 13
Role Performance and Social Interaction
Statuses and roles provide the basis for group
life. It is primarily when people interact with
each other socially that they perform in the
roles attached to their statuses.
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Chapter 14
Role Performance and Social Interaction

• Role performance is the actual conduct, or
  behavior, involved in carrying out (or
  performing) a role.
• Role performance can occur without an audience
  (as when a student studies alone for a test).
• Most role performance involves social
  interaction.
• Social interaction is the process of influencing
  each other as people relate.

If statuses are like the parts in a play and
roles are like the script, then social
interaction represents the way actors respond to
cues given by other actors. Role performance is
the performance itself.
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Chapter 15
How does play-acting differ from social
interaction?

• The process of choosing the role and then acting
  it out occurs in nearly all instances of social
  interaction.
• Unlike stage performances, most real-life role
  performance occurs without planning.
• On the stage, there is a programmed and
  predictable relationship between cues and
  responses. In life, we can choose our own cues
  and responses.
• The range of responses is not limitlessonly
  certain responses are culturally acceptable.

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Chapter 16
Links between Culture and Social Structure
Sociologists concentrate on the study of social
structure.
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Chapter 17
Role Conflict and Role Strain

• The existence of statuses and roles permits
  social life to be predictable and orderly.
• At the same time, each status involves many
  roles, and each individual holds many statuses.
• This diversity invites conflict and strain.
• Role conflict exists when the performance of a
  role in one status clashes with the performance
  of a role in another.
• Role strain occurs when a person has trouble
  meeting the many roles connected with a single
  status.

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Chapter 18
How do we manage role conflict and strain?

• Role conflict and strain may lead to discomfort
  and confusion.
• When roles clash, we often settle dilemmas by
  setting priorities. We decide which role is most
  important to us and act accordingly.
• To reduce the negative effects of conflicting
  roles, we can separate our behavior in one role
  from our behavior in another.
• Ranking incompatible roles in terms of their
  importance is a good way to reduce role conflict
  and strain.

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Chapter 19
Match each situation below with the key term
(a-e) it illustrates.
e
___ 1. A husband and wife discuss the
disciplining of one of their children. ___ 2. A
mother is expected to take care of her
children. ___ 3. A businessman has no time for
his children. ___ 4. A school principal hands out
diplomas at a graduation ceremony. ___ 5. A
corporate chief executive officer is economically
forced to terminate employees who are his friends.
a. role b. role conflict c. role performance d.
role strain e. social interaction
a
b
c
d
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display the answers.
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Chapter 21
Types of Societies
For more information on a type of society click
on it in the graphic.
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Chapter 20
Preindustrial Societies

• The way a society provides for basic needs
  greatly affects its culture and social structure.
• A society is composed of people living within
  defined territorial borders who share a common
  culture.
• Differences in the way societies meet their
  members basic needs form the basis of a system
  anthropologists often use to classify societies.
• Societies are classified as preindustrial,
  industrial, and postindustrial.

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Chapter 22
Hunting and Gathering

• These societies survive by hunting animals and
  gathering edible foods.
• These societies are usually nomadic, and tend to
  be very small.
• The family is the only institution.
• Economic relationships are based on cooperation.
  
• Members have little or no conception of private
  property or ownership.
• There are no social classes.
• Division of labor is limited to sex and age
  distinctions found in most families.

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Chapter 23
Horticultural Societies

• This type of society came into being when people
  learned they could grow and harvest certain
  plants instead of simply gathering them.
• The shift from hunting and gathering to
  horticulture, or gardening, led to more permanent
  settlements.
• Relative stability permitted the growth of
  multicommunity societies averaging one to two
  thousand people each.
• The family is very basic to social life.
• The primary emphasis is on providing for
  household members.

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Chapter 24
Pastoral Societies

• Food is obtained primarily by raising and taking
  care of animals.
• There is more migration than in those based more
  fully on cultivation of land.
• These societies are male dominated.
• With a surplus of food supply, some members of
  the community are free to create a more complex
  division of labor.
• Because nonedible goods are produced, an
  incentive to trade with other peoples emerges.
• The creation of surplus permits the development
  of limited social inequality (class or caste).

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Chapter 25
Agricultural Societies

• Agricultural societies subsist by growing food,
  using plows and animals.
• Increased productivity allows people to engage in
  noneconomic activities.
• Cities can be built and occupations appear that
  are not directly tied to farming.
• Government replaces the family group as the
  guiding force.
• Distinct social classes appeared for the first
  time.
• An economy based on trade emerges.
• Monetary systems use money rather than goods for
  payment.

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Chapter 25a
In which type of society did a marked class
system first appear? Explain why.
Distinct social stratification first appeared in
agricultural societies because the governing
class was able to control the source of wealth
(land) and accumulate wealth in the form of money.
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display the answers.
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Chapter 26
Industrial and Postindustrial

• The Industrial Revolution created a new type of
  society called industrial society.
• An industrial society is one that depends on
  science and technology to produce its basic goods
  and services.
• Intensive animal and human labor is replaced by
  power-driven machines, a process known as
  mechanization.
• Urbanization is a basic feature of industrial
  societies.
• Postindustrial society has a labor force that is
  concentrated in service industries.

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Chapter 30
What are Durkheims views?

• In societies in which the division of labor is
  simple, mechanical solidarity is the foundation
  for social unity.
• A society based on mechanical solidarity achieves
  social unity through a consensus of beliefs,
  values, and norms strong social pressures for
  conformity and dependence on tradition and
  family.
• People tend to behave, think, and feel in much
  the same ways, to place the group above the
  individual, and to emphasize tradition and family.

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Chapter 31
What are Durkheims views?

• Modern industrial society is based on organic
  solidarity.
• Members depend on a variety of people to meet
  their needs.
• Industrial society achieves social unity through
  a complex of specialized statuses that make
  members of the society interdependent.
• If a biological organism composed of highly
  specialized parts is to survive, its parts must
  work together.
• Similarly, the parts of a society based on
  organic solidarity must cooperate if the society
  is to survive.

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Chapter 32
Postindustrial

• Some societies such as the United States have
  passed beyond industrial society into
  postindustrial society.
• The economic emphasis is on providing services
  and information rather than on producing goods
  through basic manufacturing.

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Chapter 33
Five Features of a Postindustrial Society
1. The majority of the labor force are employed
in services rather than in agriculture or
manufacturing. 2. White-collar employment
replaces much blue-collar work. 3. Technical
knowledge is the key organizing feature. 4.
Technological change is planned and assessed. 5.
Reliance is on computer modeling in all areas.
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Chapter 34
Indicate whether each of the following is or is
not a major feature of a postindustrial society.
_____ a. emphasis on technical knowledge _____ b.
employment of the majority of the labor force
in service industries _____ c. reliance on
advanced technology _____ d. increased dependence
on skilled blue- collar workers _____ e. shift
toward the employment of white-collar workers
is
is
is
is not
is
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display the answers.
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Summary
Chapter Summary

• The underlying pattern of social relationships in
  a group is called social structure.
• Status is one very important element of social
  structure.
• People interact according to prescribed roles
  that carry certain rights and obligations.
• Preindustrial, industrial, and postindustrial
  societies meet basic needs in different ways,
  greatly affecting culture and social structure.
• Transition from an industrial society to a
  postindustrial society has been linked to social
  instability.