D.) The Bill of Rights

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D.) The Bill of Rights

• 1.) Americans feared strong central governments
  and they wanted the Constitution to include
  guarantees of personal liberties.
• now remember they wanted to rule by the
  people, not another king
• 2.) Congress passed 10 Amendments that limit
  the powers of government and protect the rights
  of individual liberty they were called The Bill
  of Rights.
• 3.) The Bill of Rights was added to the
  Constitution in 1791.

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II. Financial Problems

• A. The National Debt
• 1.) The national debt is the amount of
  money that the U.S. government owes.

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B. Hamiltons Plan

• 1.) The Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander
  Hamilton, wanted to pay off the national debt -
  the money owed by the Confederation government to
  other countries and to individual American
  citizens.
• The only time the U.S. bill were paid and
  there was no national debt was with Alexander
  Hamilton after his plan was passed by George
  Washington and Congress

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• 2.) Alexander Hamilton believed that since the
  states had fought for the nations independence in
  the Revolutionary War, that the nation / the
  federal government should pay the states back for
  the cost of their help. He believed that if the
  nation / the federal government paid the states
  debts that the states would want the success of
  the national government.

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C.) Opposition to the Plan

• 1.) Congress agreed to pay back the money that
  the U.S. owed to other nations that
  helped the U.S in the American Revolution. (i.e.
  France)
• 2.) When the government borrowed money during the
  American Revolution, it had issued bonds - paper
  notes promising to repay the money in a certain
  amount of time to regular people such as
  shopkeepers, farmers and soldiers.

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• 3.) Many people who bought the bonds
• got impatient waiting for the bonds to
• be repaid, so they sold them to
• speculators people who risk money to make a
  big profit so the speculators would be the
  ones to get repaid under Hamiltons plan, and
  this made the original bond holders mad.

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• 4.) The Southern states were not happy with
  Hamiltons plan because they had accumulated less
  debt than the northern states and they complained
  that they would have to pay more than their
  share.
• Every state would have to pay the same amount
  of money to pay back the bonds
• 5.) People liked Hamiltons plan to pay back
  nations but they didnt like his plan to pay back
  states.
• Mostly the South didnt like it because they
  felt that they had little invested in the bonds
  so they shouldnt have to repay them

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D.) Compromise results in a Capital

• 1.) To win support for his plan, Hamilton agreed
  to a proposal from the Southern leaders to move
  the capital of the United States to the South
  it was moved to a special district between
  Virginia and Maryland along the banks of the
  Potomac River. It became Washington D.C.
• The land was donated by Virginia and Maryland so
  that the capitol could be on neutral ground.
  This is why Washington is Washington in the
  District of Columbia Washington D.C. is not a
  stateso the government can not favor the people
  of one state or another.

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Compare with FOR or AGAINST
ISSUES HAMILTON JEFFERSON
NATIONAL BANK
PROECTIVE TARIFF
NATIONAL TAXES
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III Building the Economy

• Alexander Hamilton wanted to build a strong
  national economy. He asked congress to create a
  national bank and call it The Bank of the United
  States. This Bank Still exists today.

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A) The Fight Over the Bank

1. In 1792 there were only 8 other banks in the U.S.
   and they were states banks.
2. Madison and Jefferson said the bank was
   unconstitutional-that the Constitution had no
   provisions creating such an institution.
3. The president (George Washington) agreed with
   Hamilton and signed the bill creating the
   National Bank.

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B) Tariffs and Taxes

• At the time most Americans were farmers.
• Alexander Hamilton thought that the development
  of manufacturing (factories) would make Americas
  economy stronger.
• Hamilton proposed a tariff- a tax on imports-to
  encourage people to buy American products and
  protect American industry from foreign
  competition.
• An example would be buying silk from China and
  furniture from Europe.
• Hamilton said buy American

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• 4) Hamilton did not get support for the
  protective tariffs because the South did not have
  a lot of industry and opposed the protective
  tariff, but he won support in Congress for some
  low tariffs to raise money.
• 5) By the 1790s the revenue-money-from tariffs
  provided 90 of the national governments income.

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• 6) Alexander Hamiltons economic program gave the
  government new financial powers, but split the
  Congress and the people of the U.S. because there
  were many people including Thomas Jefferson and
  James Madison who feared a national government
  with strong economic powers that was dominated by
  the wealthy class.

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• U.S. needed a stronger national government than
  they previously had with the Articles of
  Confederation
• Constitution gave foundation for a strong
  national government
• Too strong like a king
• Too little authority no control

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• They wanted the people of the U.S. to have an
  equal say in the money and politics of the U.S.
  --Democracy
• Thomas Jefferson was afraid that a neutral
  government with strong economic powers that was
  run/dominated by the wealthy class would not
  consider the poor and middle class people or
  treat them fairly in being taxed

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Pg. 262 Analyzing Primary Sources

• Hamilton said about Washington, He consulted
  much, pondered much, resolved slowly, resolved
  surely.
• Question Did this make Washington a good first
  president? Explain.

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Section 2 EARLY CHALLENGES

• Neutrality- a position of not taking sides in a
  conflict
• Impressment- forcing people into service, as into
  the navy
• Surplus-extra,excess
• Barter-trade,exchange

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Whiskey Rebellion

• Hamiltons taxes led to rebellion in Western
  Pennsylvania
• Surplus of corn
• Produce Whiskey from corn
• Live off of bartering
• Taxed
• How could they pay when they had no cash?

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Peaceful resistance until 1794

• -Federal officers began to make a greater effort
  to collect the taxes
• -People resisted
• -Tax collectors were attacked with pitchforks,
  guns, swords, etc
• -Tax collectors houses were burned down

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• Government leaders became alarmed at the armed
  protest
• Washington and his advisors sent and army to
  crush the rebellion
• This action placed new procedures into play

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How to handle disagreement

• Washington served notice to those who opposed
  government actions. If citizens wished to
  change the law, they had to do so peacefully,
  through constitutional means. Government would
  use force when necessary to maintain the social
  order. p264

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THINK?????

• How did the Whiskey Rebellion affect the way
  government handled protesters?

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Struggle Over the West

• Native Americans living between the Appalachian
  Mountains and the Mississippi River said that the
  U.S. had no authority over them.
• Turn to pg. RA3 in front of bookput your finger
  on the space between the Appalachian Mountains an
  the Mississippi River------
• Catskills, NY Poconos, N.J. PA Adirondacks,
  upstate NY Blue Ridge Mountains VAAll part of
  the Appalachian Mountains
• Turn to pg. RA6 to see what was ours ( the United
  States in 1787)

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• Great Britain and Spain helped the Native
  Americans go against the United States because
  Great Britain and Spain wanted to settle the
  Northwest territory
• Washington signed treaties with the Native
  American tribes to weaken the influence of Great
  Britain and Spain
• Washington did his best to stop the Native
  Americans from running to Spain and Great Britain
  for help.
• American settlers ignored treaties and moved onto
  the lands that had been promised to the Native
  Americans

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• Fighting broke out between the groups
• Washington sent an army under General Arthur St.
  Clair to restore order in the Northwest
  territory.
• The British still had forts in the region an they
  wanted to keep their profitable fur trade
• The British were worried that the French would
  help the Americans and in 1794 the British told
  the Native Americans to destroy American
  settlements west of the Appalacians.

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Battle of Fallen Timbers

• The Native Americans demanded that all settlers
  north of the Ohio river leave the territory
• Washington sent an army, led by General Anthony
  Wayne, to challenge their demands and in August
  1794 his army defeated over 1,000 Native
  Americans at the Battle of Fallen Timbers

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• As a result of the Battle of Fallen Timbers, the
  U.S. and the Native Americans signed a treaty,
  The Treaty of Greenville, in 1795, in which the
  Native Americans agreed to give most of the land
  in present day Ohio to the United States.

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Problems with Europe

• The French Revolution began in 1789 and because
  the French had helped the Americans in the
  American Revolution many people in America were
  happy for the French-they compared it to the
  American Revolution
• By 1793 the French Revolution turned bloody when
  leaders of the revolution executed the King and
  Queen of France along with thousands of French
  citizens
• The violence in the French Revolution, its
  attack on religion and attack on individual
  liberties offended many Americans and public
  opinion in the Unites States started to
  divide-nothing like the American Revolution

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• Britain and France went to war in 1793
• Some Americans, mainly in the south sympathized
  with France
• Some Americans, especially manufacturers and
  merchants, who traded with the British favored
  the British

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• Hamilton, Adams and their supporters were
  pro-British, but Jefferson was pro-French,
  because he thought that if the French won, that
  it would help drive the British out of America
• George Washington wanted the nation to stay
  neutral and not take sides

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Washington Proclaims Neutrality

• In April 1793 the French sent a diplomat, Edmond
  Genet to the United States to recruit American
  volunteers to attack British ships
• On April 22 George in Washington issued a
  proclamation of neutrality that forbid American
  citizens from fighting the war and barred French
  and British warships from American ports

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• A few hundred Americans signed up to serve on
  French ships before Washingtons proclamation of
  neutrality
• The French ships with Americans on them seized
  British ships and stole their cargoes, (before
  Washington closed the American ports) and because
  of this the British became enraged and started
  capturing American ships that traded with the
  French. They sometimes forced their crews to join
  the British Navy (this is called impressment)

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• Impressment infuriated Americans, and combined
  with the British and Indian challenge in the
  West, pushed America closer to war with Great
  Britain

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Controversial Treaty

• President Washington sent John Jay, Chief Justice
  of the supreme court, to negotiate a treaty with
  Great Britain.
• The British were willing to listen to Jays
  proposal, because war with the United States
  would make it harder to carry on the war with
  France and the United States was Britains best
  market for trade

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• In Jays Treaty the British agreed to leave
  America, to pay damages for ships they had
  seized, and to allow some American ships to trade
  with British colonies in the Caribbean
• The treaty allowed for debts from before 1776 to
  be settled
• Not many Americans liked Jays treaty because it
  did not deal with impressment and it did not deal
  with interference with American trade

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Treaty With Spain

• In 1795 Thomas Pinckney went to Spain to make a
  treaty with them
• Pinckneys treaty allowed Americans to travel the
  Mississippi freely and the right to trade at the
  port of New Orleans.

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Washingtons Farewell

• Washington set a precedent by choosing to serve
  only two terms
• Washington left office, afraid of the growth of
  political parties and U.S. involvement in foreign
  affairs
• Washingtons opinions can be summed up in the
  quote on pg. 266

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The First Political Parties

• Opposing Views
• 1) Americans today call George Washington,
  Americas Greatest Leader, but during his two
  terms there were harsh attacks on his policies
  and his personality in newspapers.
• 2) By 1796 Americans were beginning to divide
  into political parties.
• 3) Hamilton and Jefferson often took opposing
  sides on political issues.
• 4) Washington usually supported Hamilton

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• Political Parties emerge
• 1) By the mid-1790s two distinct political
  parties had emerged
• 2) The parties were the Federalist and
  Democratic-Republicans
• 3) The Federalist stood for a strong central
  government
• 4) The Democratic-Republicans wanted to limit
  governments power

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• 5) The Federalists admired the British and
  distrusted the French favored banking and
  shipping interests had strong support in the
  Northeast, especially New England, and from
  wealthy plantation owners in the South.
• 6) The Democratic-Republicans supported the
  French their supporters were small farmers and
  urban workers, especially in the Middle Atlantic
  states and the South.

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• C. Views on the Constitution
• 1) Hamilton believed in a more liberal
  interpretation of implied powers than Jefferson
  and Madison.
• 2) Hamilton believed that the implied powers
  were those powers not expressively forbidden by
  the Constitution.
• 3) Jefferson and Madison believed that implied
  powers should only be used to carry out the
  expressed powers of the Constitution.

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• D. The Peoples Role
• 1) The Federalists supported representative
  government
• 2) The Democratic-Republicans supported a direct
  government

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• E. Washingtons Dilemma
• 1) Washington respected both Hamilton and
  Jefferson, and he tried to get them to work
  together.
• 2) In 1793 Hamilton resigned as Secretary of the
  Treasury and Jefferson resigned as the Secretary
  of State.

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• The Election of 1796
• The presidential election of 1796 was the first
  one where candidates for office came from
  different parties.
• 2) The Federalists and the (Democratic)
  Republicans held meetings called caucuses to
  elect the candidate from their party.
• 3) John Adams and Charles Pinckney ran for
  president and vice-president for the Federalists
• 4) Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr ran for
  president and vice-president for the Republicans

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• 5) The man with the highest number of votes won
  the presidency, and the man with the second
  highest number of votes won the vice-presidency,
  and so John Adams was elected president and
  Thomas Jefferson was elected vice-president.

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II. President John Adams

• REMEMBER John Adams was an active patriot and
  former ambassador to France and Great Britain.
  He helped to negotiate The Treaty of Paris that
  ended the American Revolution and he served two
  terms under president George Washington as
  vice-president.

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• The XYZ Affair
• REMEMBER The French thought that Jays Treaty
  of 1794, was an American to attempt to help the
  British in the war with France, so they were
  seizing American ships that carried British
  cargo.
• 2) Adams wanted to avoid war with France so he
  sent a delegation to Paris to try to work out a
  compromise.
• 3) The French foreign minister, Charles de
  Talleyrand, refused to meet with the Americans
  and instead he sent three agents who demanded a
  bribe and a loan for France from Americans.

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• 4) John Adams was furious and he told Congress
  to prepare for war.
• 5) The incident became known as
• The XYZ Affair.

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• Undeclared War With France
• In response, in 1798, Congress established the
  Navy Department, set aside money for building
  warships, and increased the size of the army.
• 2) Congress appointed George Washington as the
  commanding general.
• 3) United States and France vessels clashed
  between 1798 and 1800.
• 4) War was never formally declared, but in 1800
  John Adams America and France made an agreement
  that ensured peace.

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• 5) REMEMBER The Republican party previously
  supported France and they were reluctant to turn
  on them, so in the election of 1798 many
  Republicans were voted out of office.