Christianity and Medieval Civilization

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Christianity and Medieval Civilization
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The Papal Monarchy

• The Pope and the Papal States
• Territories in central Italy directly controlled
  by the pope
• Involved more in political matters
• Bishops and abbots as vassals to lords
• Owned fiefs given by lords
• Required to uphold same responsibilities as other
  vassals, such as . . . .
• Political vs. spiritual obligations
• Would the church become more involved in
  political matters than spiritual?

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The Crusades

• Original Goals
• Gain control of the Holy Land (Palestine)
• Help the Byzantine Emperor in his fight against
  the Muslim Turks
• Urban II
• Urged the first crusade (holy war) in 1095 A.D.
• 1st Crusade (1096 1099 A.D.)
• Knights and peasants fought
• Poorly organized
• Took over Jerusalem

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The Crusades (cont.)

• 2nd Crusade (1147 1149 A.D.)
• Muslim leader Saladin regains Jerusalem
• 3rd Crusade (1189 1191 A.D.)
• Philip II of France (a.k.a. Augustus) went home
• Frederick I of Germany (a.k.a. Barbarossa)
  drowned
• Richard I of England (a.k.a. Richard the
  Lion-Hearted) worked out a truce with Saladin
• 4th Crusade (1202 1204 A.D.)
• Didnt even reach the Holy Land, instead, looted
  Constantinople!

Richard I
Saladin
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Crusades (cont.)

• Childrens Crusades
• French led by a 12 year old, resulted in
  everyone dying or sold into slavery
• German Pope told them to go home, 1/10th lived
• Results of Crusades
• Failure of the later crusades cut the popes
  power, why?
• Death of many knights cut the power of nobles,
  why?
• Contact with the East increased trade in Europe,
  why?
• Christians harsh treatment of Muslims led to
  bitterness between the groups

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New Religious Orders and New Spiritual Ideals

• Dominicans (Dominic de Guzman) Spain
• Heresy religious ideas different than the
  teachings of the church
• Men who lived in poverty attempting to end
  heretical movements
• Spanish Inquisition
• Court created by the church to find heretics
• Accused confessed public penance and punishment
• Starting in 1252, if you did not confess you were
  tortured until you confessed or you were executed
• Witch trials, Galileo, etc.

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Commercial Revolution

• European society changes starting c.1000
• Warmer climate ( 14th century) contributed to
  increased food production as well as new farming
  practices heavier plows, use of horses
  harness, three-field system
• Guilds (early unions) form to help working
  conditions as well as control prices trained
  artisans become more important in society
• Trade increases (local long-distance) due to
  Crusades and an increased desire for more goods
  (luxury) development of a merchant/middle class
• Development of banking and lines of credit
• Populations begin to move back to the cities
• Increased use of vernacular language French,
  Spanish, Italian, etc.

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Commercial Revolution