12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material

1
12.1 DNA The Genetic Material

• ?WHAT YOU WILL LEARN
• -experiments leading to discovery of genetic
  material being DNA
• -basic structure/function of DNA
• -structure of a eukaryotic chromosome

2
READING Qs

• CONTRAST
• 2 ways that rough bacteria differ from smooth
  bacteria
• RROUGH SSMOOTH
• -smooth appearance -rough appearance
• -causes pneumonia -NOT cause pneumonia
• -sugar coated -NO coating

3
READING Qs

• LABEL
• -Write the name of each strand of bacteria in
  each experiment

S -disease causing
R -NOT disease causing
S
S
R
4
READING Qs

• STATE
• -What Avery found from the experiment.
• -DNA could change R strain to S strain

5
READING Qs

• IDENTIFY
• -What two molecules make up a bacteriophage
• -PROTEIN
• -DNA

6
READING Qs

• IDENTIFY
• -Is the nucleotide in the picture DNA or RNA?
• -?DNA

7
READING Qs

8
READING Qs

• IDENTIFY
• -What technique did Franklin use to take a
  picture of DNA?
• -X RAY DIFFRACTION

9
READING Qs

• IDENTIFY
• -How the DNA bases pair
• CYTOSINE -- ____________________
• THYMINE-- ____________________

GUANINE
ADENINE
10
READING Qs

• DEFINE
• -What is a nucleosome made of?
• -DNA
• -HISTONE PROTEINS

11
DNA EXTRACTION LAB

• 1-READ BACKGROUND INFO
• -HIGHLIGHT important info
• -ANSWER Qs
• -? MRS. S
• 2-LAB
• -FOLLOW PROCEDURE
• -CLEAN-UP
• 3-LAB Qs
• -DISCUSS/ANSWER
• -? MRS. S
• 4-COMPLETE APPLICATION NOTES w/lab partners

12
DNA EXTRACTION LAB
13
DNA EXTRACTION LAB

• PRE-LAB
• 1-How much flax seed? _________
• 2-Water temp? _________
• 3-Lysis solution? __________
• 4-Bubbles/foam? __________
• 5-Purpose of tilting beaker? ___________
• 6-Let beaker stand? ___________
• 7-Identify DNA? _____________

1 tsp
HOT
5 drops
remove w/paper towel
keep layers from separating
2 minutes
white/stringylooks like snot!
14
DNA EXTRACTION LAB

• ANALYSIS
• 1- Purpose of lysis? _________
• 2- DNA code of life? _________
• 3- DNA made of? __________
• 4- 10 of cell? __________
• 5- Add alcohol? ___________
• 8- 2 VARIABLES

free DNA
-carries info for living things
-nucleotides P-group/sugar/nitrogen bases -C / H
/ O / P / N
-tightly wound so compact
DNA less soluble in alcohol
-lysis solutiontype/amount -source of DNA -temp
of water OR- alcohol -
15
GROUP WORK APPLICATION NOTES

• -As a cooperative group
• -complete the application note sheet
• -using your knowledge from the reading

16
12.1 DNA The Genetic Material

• ?MAIN IDEA
• -The discovery that DNA is the genetic code
  involved many experiments.

17
?VOCABULARY

• REVIEW nucleic acid
• -biomolecule/stores cellular info in form of a
  code

18
?DISCOVERY OF GENETIC MATERIAL

• COMPLETE

-transforming factor change rough bacteria into
smooth
1928
-IDENTIFIED DNA as transforming factor
1931
-PROVED DNA was genetic material in a virus
1952
-discover of DNA as double helix
1953
19
?DISCOVERY OF GENETIC MATERIAL

• COMPLETE
• Rosalind Franklin

-used X-ray diffraction to take an image of
DNAcatalyst to discovering the structure of
DNA -famous photo 51
1951
20
?DNA STRUCTURE

• LABEL the diagrams of DNA nucleotides and bases.

purine
phosphate
guanine
sugar
pyrimidine
cytosine
21
?DNA STRUCTURE

• CREATE memory device for pairing nitrogenous
  bases
• CHARGAFFS RULE

22
?DNA STRUCTURE

• ANALYZE/SKETCH how each word applies to DNA
  molecule

-nitrogenous bases PAIRED on inside of molecule
-something TWISTED into a COIL
-DNA made of 2 STRANDS twisted into coil
23
?DNA STRUCTURE

• ORGANIZE characteristics of NUCLEOTIDES

SUGAR
PHOSPHATE GROUP
NITROGENOUS BASE
DEOXYRIBOSE
cytosine-guanine adenine-thymine
RIBOSE
cytosine-guanine adenine-URACIL
24
?DNA STRUCTURE

• COMPLETE each statement
• -____________________, guanine, cytosine, and
  thymine are the four ____________________ in DNA.
• -In DNA, ____________________ always forms
  hydrogen bonds with guanine.
• -The sequence of ____________________ carries the
  genetic information of an organism.
• -Chargaff's data states that the number of
  ____________________ bases the number of
  pyrimidine bases in DNA.
• -The twisted ladder shape of DNA is called a
  ____________________.

adenine
nitrogen bases
cytosine
nucleotides
purine
double helix
25
?DNA STRUCTURE

• COMPLETE each statement cont
• -DNA is the ____________________ of all
  organisms.
• -The pyrimidine bases have a ____________________
  structure.
• -The purine bases have a ____________________
  structure.
• -DNA and RNA are the two ____________________
  found in all living cells.
• -DNA supercoils to make up the structure known as
  a ____________________.

genetic material
single-ring
double-ring
nucleic acids
chromosome
26
?CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE

• SYNTHESIZE/REPHRASE
• How a strand of DNA that is 200 million bases
  long can fit inside a cell
• -a long strand of DNA is COILED around a beadlike
  group of HISTONE PROTEINS to FORM a NUCLEOSOME
• -the NUCLEOSOMES GROUP together in fibers, then
  SUPERCOIL into a CHROMOSOME

27
?REVIEW

• 1- What are the basic building block of DNA and
  RNA
• ?nucleotides  
• 2- If a section of DNA has 27 thymine, how much
  cytosine will it have?
• ?23
• THYMINE 27
• ADENINE 27
• Total 54

100-54 46 divided by223
28
(No Transcript)