Physical Science Chapter One

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Physical ScienceChapter One

• Science and Measurement

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1.1 Time and Distance
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1.1 Time and Distance
Example The Grand Canyon is 277 miles wide!

• Distance - the length of space between two
  points.

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1.1 Time and Distance

• Time a useful measurement of changes in motion
  or events

• Example The fastest mile ever run by a male
  took 3 minutes and 43 seconds.

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1.1 Time and Distance
Example Michael Johnson ran the fastest 200m
dash in 19.32 seconds

• Second - a commonly used unit of time 1/60 of a
  minute.

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Types of Measurement
1.1 Time and Distance

• Metric system measurement scale based on the
  power of 10 and used all over the world.
• Example millimeters, centimeters, meters,
  kilometers, etc

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Types of Measurement
1.1 Time and Distance

• English system measurement scale used in United
  States.
• Example -- inches, yards, miles, and pounds.

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QUESTION 1 Why do we have two different types
of measurement?
Because American scientists are stubborn!
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QUESTION 2 Why do we convert UNITS?

• OPTION 1
• 1000 mm
• 365.25 days
• .000002 Km
• 86400 sec
• 1,200,000 mm

• OPTION 2
• 1 m
• 1 year
• 2 mm
• 1 day
• 1.2 Km

Because scientists are LAZY!
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Reading a Metric Ruler
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Converting Metrics
1.1 Time and Distance

• The metric system is based on a system of 10.

• Meter Stick
• 1.0 meter
• 10 decimeters
• 100 centimeters

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Converting Metrics
1.1 Time and Distance

• The main base units in the metric system are
  meters (m), grams (g), and liters (L).

• Meters measure distance.
• Grams measure mass.
• Liters measure volume.

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Converting Metrics Cont
1.1 Time and Distance

• A prefix goes before the word and changes its
  meaning.
• From largest to smallest, metric prefixes are
  listed as Kilo, Hecto, Deka, NONE (base unit),
  deci, centi, milli.

• Test vs. Pretest
• Which is larger, a Kilometer or Centimeter?
• Answer Kilometer
• Which is smaller, a Decagram or a gram?
• Answer gram

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How do I remember Metric Prefixes?
1.1 Time and Distance

• Metric Prefix (abbreviation)
• Kilo (K)
• Hecto (H)
• Deka (D)
• Ones place (none)
• deci (d)
• centi (c)
• milli (m)

• How to remember the prefix.
• Kids
• Have
• Dropped
• Over
• Dead
• Converted
• Metrics

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Metric Prefixes Examples
1.1 Time and Distance

• Going from large units to small units.

• 1.0 m _____ cm?
• KHD I dcm
• Count the spaces to move. (2)
• Move the decimal in the correct direction!
  (right)
• 1.0 m 100 cm.

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Converting Metrics
1.1 Time and Distance

• Going from small units to large units.

• 35.0 mm ____ Km?
• KHD I dcm
• Count the spaces to move. (6)
• Move the decimal in the correct direction. (left)
• 35 mm .000035 Km.

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The top ten things to know about making a reading
graphs!

1. Title
2. Coordinates
3. Experimental Variable

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1.2 Investigations and Experiments
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Designing Experiments
1.2 Investigations and Experiments

• Experiment -A process used to solve a problem or
  test an idea about how things work.

• How do I fix my VCR?

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The Scientific Method
1.2 Investigations and Experiments

• Scientific method - a process that is used to
  gather evidence that leads to understanding.

1. Question
2. Hypothesis
3. Experiment
4. Data
5. Conclusion
6. Start Over?

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The research question and hypothesis
1.2 Investigations and Experiments

• Hypothesis - a prediction that can be tested by
  experimentation.

• Example If I put new batteries in the remote, I
  think the VCR will work.

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Designing Experiments
1.2 Investigations and Experiments

• Variables - factors that affect the results of an
  experiment
• Cause and effect the relationship between an
  event that brings about a result and what happens
  due to the result.

• Example
• Example

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Designing Experiments
1.2 Investigations and Experiments

• Controlled Experiment - when one variable is
  changed and all the others stay the same.

• Investigation 1.1
• We controlled all variables except for the angle
  of the ramp.

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Designing Experiments Cont..
1.2 Investigations and Experiments

• Experimental variable - a variable that is
  changed by the experimenter it is also known as
  the independent variable.

• Investigation 1.1
• The angle of the ramp

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Designing Experiments Cont..
1.2 Investigations and Experiments

• Dependent Variable the result that is changing
  due to the experimental variable.

• The speed will change due to the ramp angle.

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Designing Experiments Cont..
1.2 Investigations and Experiments

• Control variable - variables that are kept the
  same throughout the experiment.

• Investigation 1.1
• Weight
• Photogates
• Release of car
• Friction

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Designing Experiments Cont..

• Control Groups the normal groups used for
  comparison.

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1.3 Speed
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• Average Speed the amount of time it takes an
  object to travel a certain distance.

• Carlos Zambranos fastball travels at a speed of
  99 mph!

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CORVETTE ZO6Top speed 317 mph Acceleration --
0-60 mph in 3.7 seconds.

• Acceleration -- The rate of change of velocity.
  The amount of change in velocity over a period of
  time.

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Example a car using its brakes to stop for a
red light.

• Deceleration -- The decrease in speed over time.
  When something slows down!

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Example Skydiving!

• Free Fall an object that is moving freely
  towards Earth due to gravity.

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How to Calculate Acceleration?
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How is acceleration seen here?
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Example The slope of a mountain depends on how
fast it rises!

• Slope A measurement of a line on a graph, equal
  to vertical change divided by horizontal change.
  RISE OVER RUN!

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Graphing Motion
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