Unitary

1
Unitary Strong Central Government No Local
or State involvement Deal almost directly with
the people
Confederation Weak Central
Govt Strong State Govt
Federal Strong Federal Government Weaker
State Governments Overlap in some areas states
get all that is not specified
2
Democracy

• Power is in the hands of the people
• Characteristics
• Individual Liberty
• Majority Rule with Minority Rights
• Free Elections
• Political Parties

3
Totalitarian

• Ruler(s) possess unlimited power
• Usually come to power in a government overthrow
• Uses force to control or eliminate opposition
• Sells the program
• Rulers form an elite class (monarchy, oligarchy
  or dictatorship)

4
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
Free Enterprise
Private Ownership
Capitalism
Competition
Profit Motive
Socialism
Communism
Public Ownership of the means of production.
no private ownership
the government controls the economy
Mixed Economy

5
Colonial Government
1700-1775
6
Beginnings of American Government
English Influence
Early Traditions by 17th Century

• Limited Government

• Representative Government

House of Lords, 1327 - 850
House of Commons, 1327 - 630
Similar in Colonies No direct representation
in Parliament(virtual representation)
7
Chapter 2, Beginnings of American Government
English Influence
Important Documents
Magna Carta, 1215 King John
First attempt to limit absolute power
Protected nobles from arbitrary acts
Petition of Rights, 1628 Charles I
Extends rights to Commoners
No taxes without consent, trial by jury and
no military rule in times of peace
8
Chapter 2, Beginnings of American Government
English Influence
Important Documents
English Bill of Rights - 1688
Free parliamentary elections
Freedom from cruel and unusual punishment
Fair and speedy trial
9
EARLY COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS

• -Written agreement between the
• colony and king, set up rules of operation
• Nearly self governing (CT and RI)
• Elected both upper and lower houses of the
  Legislature

Charter
Royal Colonies

• Governors and Royal Councils
• Bicameral Legislature
• 8 Colonies GA, MA, NH, NJ, NY, NC, SC and VA

Proprietary Colonies

• Directly controlled by a proprietor (DE, MD and
  PA)
• Unicameral Legislature
• Less resentment toward the crown

10
Chapter 2, Beginnings of American Government
Growing Resentment and Colonial unity

• Navigation Acts 1660s-1750
• English defeat the French in the French
• and Indian War acquire land (1763)
• Colonists should help pay for their own defense
• Taxation to be enforced / new taxes coming

Colonial Boycotts

• Stamp Act Boycott, 1765
• Boston Massacre, 1770
• Boston Tea Party, 1773

11
Chapter 2, Beginnings of American Government
Continental Congresses

• Coercion/ Intolerable Acts, 1774
• Sep/Oct 1774 First Continental Congress
• Declaration of Rights to King George
• Second Congress in May 1775
• Apr 1775 Lexington and Concord
• Jul 1776 Acceptance of Declaration
• of Independence

12
Summary
Salutary Neglect
Relationship between the Monarch and the
Colonies
Laws written but not enforced
Lack of Communication
Growing Royal Anger
Mercantilism
Costs exceed revenues
Rum to Africa
Triangular Trade
Slaves from Africa to West Indies
Cash, Molasses and Sugar to the Colonies
13
Summary
Each Colony ultimately has

• Government Limited by Charter
• Governor
• Governors Council (charter elected)
• Popularly elected Assembly
• Courts and Local Government

14
Declaration of Independence
15
Moving toward Separation

• Thomas Paines Common Sense-
• Everything that is right or natural pleads for
  separation. The blood of the slain, the weeping
  voice of nature cries, TIS TIME TO PART
• The Declaration of Independence- perhaps the most
  important document ever written. Spelled out not
  only the reasons for rebellion but also listed
  the rights all men have became the foundation of
  American political theory

16
Structure of the document
List of Lockean sounding natural rights

• All men are created equal
• Endowed by their creator with certain unalienable
  rights
• Life liberty and the pursuit of happiness are
  some of the most important rights

17
Structure part 2

• Giving the just reasons for rebellion
• When a government no longer represents its people
• When the rights of a people are no longer
  protected by its government but rather trampled
  upon
• It is the right of a people to abolish a
  government that acts in such a way

18
List of Grievances

• Most of the grievances deal with taking away the
  colonies rights to hold assemblies and to pass
  laws for their own good
• The king sent his own un-elected British
  officials to rule over the colonies
• The quartering of troops and martial law during
  time of peace
• Taxation without representation
• Waging War against the colonies
• Causing Indian Insurrections

19
Chapter 2, Beginnings of American Government
THE CONFEDERATION PERIOD
The Struggle for Balance

• Republic a democracy in which the supreme
  power lies in the citizens who vote for officials
  and representatives responsible to them.

• Tariff a duty or tax imposed on imported
• or exported goods

• Shays Rebellion- a rebellion of discontented
  farmers

20
State Constitutions
The principle of popular sovereignty was the
basis for every new State constitution. That
principle says that government can exist and
function only with the consent of the governed.
The people hold power and the people are
sovereign.
The concept of limited government was a major
feature of each State constitution. The powers
delegated to government were granted reluctantly
and hedged with many restrictions.
In every State it was made clear that the
sovereign people held certain rights that the
government must respect at all times. Seven of
the new constitutions contained a bill of rights,
setting out the unalienable rights held by the
people.
The powers granted to the new State governments
were purposely divided among three branches
executive, legislative, and judicial. Each branch
was given powers with which to check (restrain
the actions of) the other branches of the
government.
21
The Articles of Confederation

• The Articles of Confederation established a firm
  league of friendship among the States.

Obligations The States promised to obey
Congress, and to respect the laws of the other
States. Most other powers were retained by each
State.
Powers Congress was given the power to declare
war, deal with national finance issues, and
settle disputes among the States.
22
Northwest Ordinance of 1787

• The primary effect of the ordinance was the
  creation of the Northwest Territory as the first
  organized territory of the United States out of
  the region south of the Great Lakes north and
  west of the Ohio River, and east of the
  Mississippi River.
• Abolition of state claims
• Admission of new states
• Establishment of territorial government
• Establishment of civil rights
• Prohibition of slavery
• Definition of the Midwest as a region
• Indian lands

23
(No Transcript)
24
Framers of the Constitution
25
Different Constitutional Plans

• The Virginia Plan
• Three branches of government
• Bicameral legislature
• National Executive and National Judiciary

• The New Jersey Plan
• Unicameral Congress
• Equal representation for States of different
  sizes
• More than one federal executive

26
Constitutional Compromises

• The Connecticut Compromise
• Delegates agreed on a bicameral Congress, one
  segment with equal representation for States, and
  the other with representation proportionate to
  the States populations.
• The Three-Fifths Compromise
• The Framers decided , for the purposes of
  taxation and representation in Congress, three
  slaves would equal five free men.
• The Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise
• Congress was forbidden from taxing exported
  goods, and was not allowed to act on the slave
  trade for 20 years.

27
The Federalists

• People such as Madison, Hamilton, and Washington
• Believed a strong central government could better
  secure the nation from foreign invasion
• Help with trade negotiations
• United by a set of common ideals, goals,
  language, religion, history and heritage
• The Federalist Papers- Hamilton, Madison, Jay
• The Constitution would eliminate trade barriers
  set up by states who each had their own self
  interests in mind
• One set of universal currency
• The National government would take on all debt

28
Major points of Federalists

• The civic virtue alone could not be depended upon
  to protect basic rights. Selfishness has always
  been the biggest obstacle to a democratic
  republican form of government.
• The way the Constitution separates powers and
  creates a system of checks and balances will
  protect basic rights.
• The wide representation of different interests
  will also protect basic rights
• The federalists admitted that the new national
  government was more powerful than the old in that
  it had more control of the states. But they also
  said it was limited to certain enumerated powers.
  They argued the government under the Constitution
  was only able to protect the rights of
  individuals and incapable of violating them.
• Argued strongly against the addition of a Bill
  of Rights

29
The Anti-Federalists

• People such as George Mason, Patrick Henry, James
  Monroe and John Quincy Adams
• Distrusted a strong centralized government like
  that in England
• They believed that the best way to guarantee
  rights was to have the majority of power resting
  in the hands of the legislative branch
• They also believed from experience and history
  that republican forms of government could only
  work on a small local level.
• They believed that people living in the same
  communities would have each others best interests
  in mind (the general will) however people in
  South Carolina would be less likely to do what
  was in the best interests of the people of New
  Jersey.
• Anti Slavery advocates said that the Constitution
  was a slave document
• Demanded a Bill of Rights

30
Reason for Federalists Success

• 1. The Federalists stood for something, whereas
  the antis only stood against the Constitution
  with no plan of their own to offer as an
  alternative
• 2. The Federalists were far more organized
  nationally the Antis were somewhat organized at
  the state and local levels but had no national
  leaders.
• 3. The Federalists set up the process and really
  controlled its proceedings from the beginning
• 4.The Federalist Papers as well as George
  Washington and Ben Franklin
• 5. The Promise of a Bill of Rights

31
Creating and Ratifying the Constitution
Ratification

• Constitution signed Sep. 17, 1787

Nine states needed for ratification (2 years)
The Federalists got their Constitution with a
strong central government and a powerful
executive at the helm while the Anti- Federalists
got a Bill of Rights.