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Splash Screen
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Section 1-5
The Growth of Industry

• The Industrial Revolution began in the mid-1700s
  in Britain.

• It was a period during which machinery and
  technology changed how people worked and produced
  goods.
• The Industrial Revolution took hold in the
  United States in New England around 1800.

• Rivers and streams provided waterpower to run
  machinery in factories.
• New England was near needed resources, such as
  coal and iron from Pennsylvania, and therefore
  had an advantage.

(pages 306308)
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Section 1-6
The Growth of Industry (cont.)

• New England shipped cotton from the Southern
  states and sent the finished cloth to markets
  throughout the nation.

• New England had workers to handle the growth of
  industry.

• Capitalism played a large part in the development
  of different industries.
• People put up capital, or their own money, for a
  new business in the hopes to make a profit.

(pages 306308)
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Section 1-7
The Growth of Industry (cont.)

• With the growth of industry came free enterprise.

• People are free to buy, sell, or produce anything
  of their choosing as well as work wherever they
  want.
• Competition, profit, private property, and
  economic freedom are all aspects of free
  enterprise.

(pages 306308)
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Section 1-8
The Growth of Industry (cont.)

• The Industrial Revolution could not have taken
  place without the invention of new machines and
  new technology or the scientific discoveries that
  made work easier.

• Britain created machinery and methods that
  changed the textile industry with inventions such
  as the spinning jenny, the water frame, and the
  power loom.
• Most mills were built near rivers because the new
  machines ran on waterpower.
• In 1785 the steam engine provided power for a
  cotton mill.

(pages 306308)
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Section 1-9
The Growth of Industry (cont.)

• In the United States, many new inventions were
  created.

• In 1793 Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin.
• One worker using the machine could clean cotton
  as fast as 50 people working by hand.

• The patent law passed in 1790 protected the
  rights of people who created inventions.

• A patent gives an inventor the sole legal right
  to the invention and its profits for a certain
  period of time.

(pages 306308)
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Section 1-12
New England Factories

• The factory system, or bringing manufacturing
  steps together under one roof, began in New
  England

• This was an important part of the Industrial
  Revolution because it changed the way goods were
  made and increased efficiency.
• The technology of making interchangeable parts
  made it possible to produce many types of goods
  in large quantities. It also reduced the cost of
  manufacturing goods.

(pages 308309)
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Section 1-15
Agriculture Expands

• In the 1820s, more than 65 percent of Americans
  were farmers.

• In the Northeast, farms were small and the
  produce was sold locally.
• In the South, cotton production greatly increased
  with the development of the textile industry of
  New England and Europe.
• With the invention of the cotton gin, cotton
  could be cleaned faster and cheaper than by hand,
  so farmers raised larger crops. Between 1790 and
  1820, cotton production increased from 3,000 to
  300,000 bales a year.

(page 310)
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Section 1-21
Economic Independence (cont.)

• Cities and towns grew as a result of the growth
  of factories and trade.

• Many developed along rivers and streams to use
  the waterpower.
• Cities such as New York, Boston, and Baltimore
  became centers of commerce and trade.
• Towns such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and
  Louisville became profitable from their proximity
  to major rivers.

(pages 310311)
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Section 1-27
Checking for Understanding
Reviewing Facts Describe the reasons New England
was ideal for the development of factories.
Poor soil caused people to leave their farms to
find work. Rivers provided waterpower to run
machinery. Ports provided passage for factory
goods, and New England had good proximity to
resources.
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Section 2-5
Moving West

• In 1790 most of the nearly 4 million people of
  the United States lived east of the Appalachian
  Mountains and near the Atlantic coast.

• In 1820 the population had more than doubled to
  about 10 million with almost 2 million living
  west of the Appalachian Mountains.
• Travel west was difficult.
• A pioneer family faced many hardships along the
  way.

(pages 314317)
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Section 2-8
Moving West (cont.)

• Steamboats provided a faster means of river
  travel.

• In 1807 Robert Fulton built the Clermont, a
  steamboat with a newly designed and powerful
  engine.
• The 150-mile trip from New York to Albany was
  shortened from 4 days to 32 hours.
• Steamboats improved the transport of people and
  goods.
• Shipping became cheaper and faster.

(pages 314317)
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Section 2-16
Western Settlement

• Four new statesVermont, Kentucky, Tennessee, and
  Ohiowere admitted to the Union between 1791 and
  1803, but only one new state, Louisiana, entered
  during the next 13 years.

• After the War of 1812, a second wave of westward
  expansion began.
• Between 1816 and 1821 five western states were
  created Indiana, Illinois, Mississippi, Alabama,
  and Missouri.

(page 319)
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Section 2-23
Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions How did better
transportation affect westward expansion?
It shortened the travel time and made travel more
comfortable, which made western travel more
attractive.
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Section 3-5
The Era of Good Feelings

• James Monroe won the 1816 presidential election
  easily.

• He had been involved in national politics since
  the American Revolution.
• In 1820 Monroe was reelected, receiving all but
  one electoral vote.
• Political differences seemed to disappear during
  this Era of Good Feelings, and Monroes
  presidency also symbolized the era.

(pages 321322)
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Section 3-8
Sectionalism Grows

• Regional differences soon surfaced, and the Era
  of Good Feelings disappeared.

• People felt a strong tie to the region in which
  they lived.
• This promoted sectionalism, or loyalty to a
  region.
• Differences arose over slavery and national
  policies such as tariffs, the national bank, and
  internal improvements.

(pages 322324)
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Section 3-15
Sectionalism Grows (cont.)

• The Missouri Compromise reached in March 1820
  tried to preserve the balance between the North
  and the South.

• The South wanted Missouri, part of the Louisiana
  Purchase, admitted as a slave state, and the
  North wanted Missouri to be a free state.
• Maines statehood was also discussed.

(pages 322324)
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Section 3-16
Sectionalism Grows (cont.)

• The Compromise stated that

• Missouri would be admitted as a slave state
• Maine, still part of Massachusetts, was to be
  admitted as a free state
• slavery was to be banned in the remaining part
  of the Louisiana Territory north of the 3630N
  parallel

(pages 322324)
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Section 3-18
The American System

• Henry Clay proposed a program called the American
  System in 1824.

• He felt that all regions of the nation would
  benefit from his program which included

• a protective tariff
• a program of internal improvements, especially
  building roads and canals to stimulate trade
• a national bank to promote one national currency
  and to lend money to build industry

(pages 324325)
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Section 3-19
The American System (cont.)

• Not everyone agreed.

• Thomas Jefferson thought that the American System
  favored the wealthy manufacturing classes of New
  England.
• The South agreed with Jefferson and did not see
  how it would benefit from the tariff or internal
  improvements.
• Congress adopted some internal improvements and
  created the controversial Second Bank of the
  United States.

(pages 324325)
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Section 3-23
Latin American Republics

• Spain faced challenges within its empire in
  North America.

• In 1821 Mexico gained its independence but not
  the social or economic changes that it demanded.
• Similar revolts occurred throughout Latin and
  South America. What remained of the Spanish
  Empire consisted of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and some
  Caribbean islands.

(pages 326327)
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Section 3-26
Latin American Republics (cont.)

• The Monroe Doctrine, issued on December 2, 1823,
  served to protect North America from increased
  European involvement.

• It stated that the United States would not
  interfere with any existing European colonies in
  the Americas, but it would oppose any new ones.
• When the doctrine was issued, the United States
  did not have the military power to enforce it.
• However, it became and has remained an important
  part of American foreign policy.

(pages 326327)
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Section 3-30
Checking for Understanding
Reviewing Facts Describe the disagreement
between the North and South that resulted in the
Missouri Compromise.
The South wanted Missouri to be admitted as a
slave state, while the North wanted it admitted
as a free state.
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Splash Screen
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Section 1-5
The Election of 1824

• John Quincy Adams was elected president in 1824.

• William Crawford, Andrew Jackson, and Henry Clay
  were the other Republican Party candidates.
• No candidate received a majority of the electoral
  votes, so the House of Representatives selected
  the president.

(pages 334335)
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Section 1-6
The Corrupt Bargain

• Clay and Adams struck a deal.

• Clay agreed to use his influence as Speaker of
  the House to defeat Jackson, hoping to gain the
  secretary of state post in return.
• Adams did name Clay as secretary of state.
• Andrew Jacksons followers accused the two men of
  making a corrupt bargain and stealing the
  election.

(pages 334335)
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Section 1-9
The Election of 1828

• The election was a vicious campaign between
  Jackson and Adams.

• The party divided into two the
  Democratic-Republicans nominated Jackson, and the
  National Republicans nominated Adams.
• New to elections in 1828
• Mudslinging, or attempts to ruin the opponent
  with insults
• Election slogans, rallies, buttons, and campaign
  events

(pages 335336)
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Section 1-11
The Election of 1828 (cont.)

• Jackson won the election in a landslide.

• He received the most votes of the new frontier
  states and many votes in the South.

(pages 335336)
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Section 1-13
Jackson as President

• Jackson was an American success story.

• He went from being a member of a poor farm
  family to being a war hero to becoming the
  president of the United States.

(pages 336337)
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Section 1-14
Jackson as President (cont.)

• Democracy broadened under Jackson.

• He promised equal protection and equal benefits
  for all Americans, at least for white American
  men.
• Between 1824 and 1828, the percentage of white
  voting males in presidential elections increased
  from 26.9 to 57.6 percent.
• The right to vote, or suffrage, continued to
  expand for white men.
• In 1840 more than 80 percent of white males voted
  in the presidential election.

(pages 336337)
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Section 1-15
Jackson as President (cont.)

• By 1828 state constitutions changed to allow
  people, not state legislatures, to choose
  presidential electors.
• Jackson instituted the spoils system.
• He replaced government employees with his
  supporters.
• The fired workers were angry and protested.

(pages 336337)
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Section 1-17
Jackson as President (cont.)

• Jacksons supporters made the political system
  more democratic by abandoning the caucus system
  and replacing it with nominating conventions.

• Instead of using committees of members of
  Congress to choose major political candidates,
  state delegates would select the partys
  presidential candidate.
• More people could now participate in the
  selection process.

(pages 336337)
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Section 1-20
The Tariff Debate

• In 1828 Congress passed a very high tariff on
  goods imported from Europe.

• This tariff made European goods more expensive.
• Northerners loved it, Southerners hated it.
• Some Southerners called for the Southern states
  to secede, or break away and form their own
  government.
• John C. Calhoun, a believer in states rights,
  argued for nullification, or canceling a federal
  law it considered unconstitutional, and for
  secession.

(pages 338339)
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Section 1-25
The Tariff Debate (cont.)

• The nullification crisis grew, and the threat of
  the Union splitting apart intensified.

• In 1832 Congress passed a new, lower tariff,
  hoping that the Southern protest would die down,
  but it did not.
• South Carolinas state legislature passed the
  Nullification Act, saying that it would not pay
  the illegal tariffs of 1828 and 1832.
• The South Carolina legislature threatened to
  secede if the federal government interfered.

(pages 338339)
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Section 1-26
The Tariff Debate (cont.)

• Jackson supported a compromise bill by Clay,
  lowering the tariff.

• He also made sure that the South would accept it.
  
• He persuaded Congress to pass the Force Bill,
  which allowed the president to use the United
  States military to enforce acts of Congress.

(pages 338339)
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Section 1-27
The Tariff Debate (cont.)

• South Carolina accepted the compromise tariff and
  state leaders voted to put aside the
  Nullification Act.

• The crisis between a state and the federal
  government was over for the time being.

(pages 338339)
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Section 1-31
Reviewing Themes
Continuity and Change What election practices
used in the 1828 presidential campaign are still
used today?
Mudslinging, election slogans, rallies, buttons,
and staged events to arouse voter enthusiasm are
still used today.
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Section 2-5
Moving Native Americans

• President Andrew Jackson supported relocating
  Native Americans to lands west of the Mississippi
  River.

• Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830.
• The federal government paid Native Americans to
  move west.

(pages 341344)
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Section 2-6
Moving Native Americans (cont.)

• Jackson also sent officials to negotiate treaties
  with the southeastern Native Americans.

• In 1834 Congress created the Indian Territory (a
  region in present-day Oklahoma) for Native
  Americans fromthe southeast.
• The Cherokee fought back , and sued the
  government, but eventually were forced from their
  home. The long Cherokee march west began and
  became known as the Trail of Tears, the trail
  along which they cried.

(pages 341344)
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Section 2-13
Native American Resistance (cont.)

• Many different Native American tribes resisted
  and fought against America. Thousands died in
  their resistance movement. Many people consider
  this an act of genocide by the American
  government against Native Americans.
• They gave up more than 100 million acres east of
  the Mississippi and received about 68 million
  and 32 million acres of land west of the
  Mississippi.

(pages 344345)
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