FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE

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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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Internal Organs -ovaries, gametogenesis
steroidogenesis -oviducts, Fallopian tubes,
transport ova -uterus, receives morula, fetal
development -vagina, fibromuscular
tube External Genitalia -mons pubis -labia
majora -clitoris -vestibule -external
urethral orifice Mammary glands -----related to
reproductive hormonal activity Placenta
----------------relationship with the uterus
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During each menstrual cycle and pregnancy, the
ovaries, oviducts and uterus undergo structural
and functional changes related to neural activity
and changes in hormone levels. These same
changes regulate the development of the female
reproductive system. Menarche the initiation
of the menstrual cycle, 9-14 years Menstrual
cycle 28-30day cycle Menopause between 45
and 55 years of age ovaries cease production of
ova and hormones
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OVARY Functions -Exocrine gametogenesis -E
ndocrine (steroidogenesis) Estrogens
Promote growth and maturation of sex organs
including the mammary glands Progestogens
Prepare the internal sex organs for
pregnancy (promoting secretory changes in the
endometrium). Progestogens also prepare
the mammary glands for lactation.
peritoneal
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Ovary structure

• Gross Structure In nullipara women, the ovaries
  are pinkish white structures that are 3 cm in
  length, 1.5 cm in width and 1 cm in thickness
• Internal Structure Medulla and Cortex
• Medulla loose connective
• tissue, vascular components
• Cortex germinal epithelium,
• primordial germ cells
• (extragonadal origin that
• migrate from the embryonic
• yolk sac), tunic albuginea
• (dense CT layer between the
• germinal epithelium and the
• cortex)(fetal development)

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• Primordial Follicles
• Appear during the third month of fetal
  development
• Found in the stroma of the cortex beneath the
  tunical albuginea
• Single layer of squamous follicle cells surround
  the oocyte
• Outer layer of follicle cells bounded by a basal
  lamina
• Primary oocyte in the center of follicle

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• Primary Follicle
• Oocyte enlarges
• Surrounding follicle cells
• proliferate and become
• cuboidal
• Zona pellucida appears
• (gel-like material secreted
• by oocyte and follicle cells)
• Formation of stratum
• granulosum
• Follicle cells are now termed granulosa cells

• puberty

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Blue arrow primordial follicle Red arrow
primary follicle
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• Secondary Follicle
• Primary Follicle moves deeper into the cortical
  stroma and increases in size
• Stratum granulosum is 6-12 cell layers
• thick, fluid filled cavities appear among
• granulosa cells
• Cavities eventually coalesce and form
• the antrum
• Granulosa cells associated with the
• oocyte are termed the cumulus oophorus
• which projects into the antrum
• Cells of the cumulus oophorus that
• surround the oocyte will remain with
• it after ovulation
• -- the corona radiata

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-Stromal cells surrounding follicle form a sheath
of CT known as theca folliculi Theca interna
Internal, highly vascularized layer Theca
externa Outer layer of CT, smooth muscle
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1 primodial follicles 2 primary oocyte
3nucleus of oocyte 4 zona pellcida 5 Corona
radiata 6 Zona granulosa 7 Follicular space
8 Theca interna 9 theca externa 10 Stroma
11 germinal epithelium
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The secretion process of estrogen
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• Graafian Follicle
• Mature follicle
• Extends through the entire cortex and causes a
  bulge on the outside of the ovary
• Oocyte and cumulus cells loosen from the rest of
  the cells
• Ovulation occurs
• Secondary ooctye is released from the Graafian
  follicle

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• Ovulation
• During ovulation, the follicle will fuse with the
  wall of the ovary and release the ovum from the
  ovary.
• After this, the follicle will develop into the
  corpus luteum (yellow body) and release hormones
  that will maintain the uterus.

ovulation
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• Corpus Luteum (Yellow body)
• Collapsed follicle undergoes reorganization
• Bleeding from the theca interna into follicular
  lumen
• CT from stroma invades follicular cavity
• Granulosa lutein cells formed from granulosa
  cells
• Theca lutein cells formed from the theca interna
  cells
• As the CL forms, blood and lymphatic vessels from
  the theca interna grow into the granulosa layer.
  A rich vascular network is established in the CL
  and secretes estrogen and progesterone.

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• Corpus luteum of menstruation maintain about
  14 days, if the oocyte is not fertilised
• Corpus lutumn of pregnancy maintain about 6
  months , in the case of fertilization
• if the oocyte is not fertilised, about 14 days
  after ovulation, the corpus luteumn
• regresses to form
• the corpus albican

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• Atretic follicle
• Follicles can degenerate and perish at any stage
  of their development and maturation
• From fetal development to birth, there is already
  a degeneration of about five out of the six
  million primordial follicles.
• During the follicles regression, the cells of
  the theca internal increase in size and number,
  all the cells of the theca internal together form
  an interstitial gland.
• Interstitial gland can secret estrogen.

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OVIDUCTS - paired tubes
extending from uterus toward ovaries - called
uterine or Fallopian tubes -infundibulum,
fimbriae -ampulla, longest section -isthmus,
narrow segment next to uterus -uterine or
intramural segment within uterine wall
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The wall is similar to other hollow viscera,
however no submucosa is present. -serosa
(mesothelium and CT) -muscularis (inner circular
layer and outer longitudinal layer) -mucosa T
he epithelium is simple columnar epithelium with
ciliated and nonciliated cells.
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UTERUS
-body -cervix
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• Uterine wall has three layer
• endometrium the mucosa
• Stratum functionalis sloughed off
• Stratum basale regenerates
• functionalis
• 2. myometrium
• -three layers of smooth muscle,
• middle layer is called stratum
• vasculare
• -inner and outer layers are parallel
• to long axis
• 3. perimetrium the external serous layer

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Uterus The endometrium and myometrium undergo
cyclic changes during the Menstrual Cycle.
Uterine glands develop from the simple columnar
epithelium lining the uterus
Uterine arteries branch into the radial arteries
and give rise the small straight arteries in the
basal layer of the endometrium. The radial
arteries become spiral arteries supplying
capillary bed and lacunae.
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UTERUS-The endometrium and myometrium undergo
cyclic changes during the Menstrual
Cycle Proliferative phase Regulated by
estrogens -Epithelial cells in basal portion of
glands reconstitute the glands and migrate to
cover endometrial surface -Stromal cells
proliferate -Spiral arteries lengthen as the
endometrium is reestablished Secretory phase
Regulated by progesterone - Endometrium
thickens - Glands enlarge Menstrual phase
Decline in the secretion of estrogen and
progesterone - Glands stop secreting and
endometrium shrinks - Stratum functionalis is
sloughed off
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Uterus Proliferative stage
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Uterus secretory phase
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Uterus later secretory phase
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• Mammary Glands
• Modified apocrine sweat glands that develop under
  the influence of sex hormones
• Inactive mammary gland contains 20 irregular
  lobes of branched tubuloalveolar gland

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• Mammary Gland
• Secretory portion of the mammary gland varies
  with menstrual cycle
• During pregnancy, mammary glands undergo
  proliferation and development
• Hormonal control
• During initial growth and development, MG are
  under the influence of estrogens and progesterone
• Slight changes occur in the MG with each ovarian
  cycle
• During pregnancy, the corpus luteum and placenta
  produce estrogen and progesterone which
  stimulates proliferation of the lactiferous duct
  components and growth of the alveoli

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Cervix
Cervical-uterine junction
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CERVIX Unlike the uterus the mucosa of the
cervix undergoes little change each cycle. The
cervix endometrium does contain large, branched
glands which undergo dramatic changes each
cycle. The external os (vagina communicates with
the cervix) is where the abrupt change from
simple columnar epithelium to stratified
squamous epithelium occurs
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