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Topic 6: Ecology

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Topic 6: Ecology I. Parts of an Ecosystem II. Population Dynamics 2. SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS When organisms live in REALLY close quarters Parasitism: Live off other ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Topic 6: Ecology


1
Topic 6 Ecology
  • I. Parts of an EcosystemII. Population Dynamics

2
What is it?
ECOLOGY
  • Study of how organisms INTERACT with living and
    non-living things

3
What will we be looking at?
  • Parts of an ecosystem
  • Things that affect popn size
  • Roles and relationships in an ecosystem
  • Energy flow in an ecosystem
  • Importance of biodiversity
  • Succession
  • Human impacts on the environment

4
Ecosystem describes any portion of the
environment (ie. Decaying log, a pond, fish
tank, field of corn)
5
The environment is every living and nonliving
thing that surrounds an organism
6
Ecosystems Brainpop (139))
7
What makes up an ecosystem?
Abiotic Factors
Biotic Factors
ECOSYSTEM
ECOSYSTEM
8
  • 1. BIOTIC FACTORS
  • Bio means living
  • LIVING things in an ecosystem
  • ie.Plants, animals,
  • bacteria
  • Can you list the living things that could live in
    this ecosystem?
  • Frogs, insects, fish, hawks, grasses, bacteria,
    amoeba etc..

9
  • 2. ABIOTIC FACTORS
  • When you put a in front of a word it negates it
  • Means NON-LIVING factors
  • Can you list some non-living factors that affect
    the pond ecosystem?
  • WATER, LIGHT, TEMP, acidity, oxygen and nitrogen
    levels

10
Ecological Levels of the Organization of Life
11
Collectively all of the Earths ecosystems make
up the biosphere
12
The specific environment in which organisms live
is their habitat
13
Ecosystem - populations in a community and the
abiotic factors with which they interact (ex.
Biomes)
14
All the different populations are combined to
form a community
15
All the organisms of a species that live in the
same area, produce fertile offspring, and compete
with each other for resources (food, mates,
shelter, etc.) make up a population
16
  • Organism - any unicellular or multicellular form
    exhibiting all of the characteristics of life, an
    individual.
  • The lowest level of organization

17
Ecological Levels of the Organization of Life
  • BIOSPHERE
  • HABITAT (BIOME)
  • ECOSYSTEM
  • COMMUNITY
  • POPULATION
  • ORGANISM

Decreasing amount of biotic and abiotic factors
18
Population Growth Brain Pop Video (227)
19
What affects population sizes in an ecosystem?
  • COMPETITION!
  • Struggle for resources among organisms
  • If no competition, populations would grow
    INFINITELY (no limit!)
  • Competition maintains FINITE (limited) popn
    sizes
  • Finite populations limited by LIMITING FACTORS
  • CAN BE ABIOTIC OR BIOTIC

20
Lets look.Comparing Finite and Infinite
Populations
INFINTITE GROWTH
FINITE GROWTH
21
What affects population sizes in an ecosystem?
  • A) ABIOTIC LIMITING FACTORS
  • Amount and intensity of sunlight
  • Amount of water
  • Amount of dissolved oxygen (lakes, rivers, etc)
  • Acid level
  • Temperature range
  • Minerals available

22
What affects population sizes in an ecosystem?
  • B) BIOTIC LIMITING FACTORS
  • Predator/Prey relationships
  • Predators limit prey population sizes by eating
    them
  • Prey limit predator population sizes by
    dying/being killed
  • If too many killed, predators starve
  • Adapting (survival of the best adapted)

23
Lets take a look. Effects of Predator/Prey
Relationship
As you can see, AS PREY POPULATION DECREASES, THE
PREDATORS POPULATION DECREASES (Direct
relationship)
24
What do we call it when a species reaches its
limit?
  • EVERY population in an ecosystem has a CARRYING
    CAPACITY (K)
  • THE OF ORGANISMS OF A SINGLE SPECIES AN
    ECOSYSTEM CAN SUPPORT
  • Determined by BIOTIC and ABIOTIC factors
  • EX a fox population is affected by how much it
    has to eat (biotic) and also temperature
    (abiotic)
  • Once K is reached, population will remain stable
    unless major changes in biotic and abiotic factors

Carrying Capacity (K) of a Stable Population
25
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26
Part 2 POPULATION INTERACTIONS
  • How organisms interact in an ecosystem!
  • What role are you up for?

27
Competitive Exclusion Principle
  • If two different species compete for the same
    food source or reproductive sites, one species
    may be eliminated.
  • This establishes one species per niche in a
    community.

28
A. What does it mean to have a role in an
ecosystem?
  • NICHE
  • THE ROLE (NOT SPACE!!!!!) AN ORGANISM PLAYS IN
    ITS ECOSYSTEM
  • ONLY ONE SPECIES CAN OCCUPY A NICHE AT A TIME
  • LEADS TO COMPETITION IF MORE THAN ONE SPECIES
    WANTS ROLE
  • SIMILAR SPECIES CAN COEXIST AS LONG AS THEY HAVE
    DIFFERENT NICHES!
  • EX p102 in RB WARBLERS

29
HOW CAN I REMEMBER THAT NICHE MEANS ROLE AND
NOT SPACE?
  • THINK OF A PLAY!
  • EVERY ROLE NEEDS TO BE FILLED IN ORDER FOR THE
    PLAY TO WORK!
  • IF MORE THAN TWO FOLKS (SPECIES) WANT A ROLE,
    THERE IS COMPETITION AND THE BEST WINS!

30
What are the relationships in an ecosystem?
  • Food chain Food web
  • (1 path of energy) (all possible energy
    paths)

31
B. What are the relationships in an ecosystem?
  • 1. FOOD CHAINS
  • Illustrate NUTRITIONAL RELATIONSHIPS between
    predators and prey
  • 1 path of energy
  • Specific organisms are included
  • Lets take a look!

32
FOOD CHAINS
33
Feeding Relationships
  • A. Autotrophs (Producers)
  • Make own food (grass)
  • B. Heterotrophs (Consumers)
  • Herbivores Eat plants (grasshopper)
  • Carnivores Eat animals (snake)
  • Omnivores Eat plants and animals (humans)
  • Scavengers Eat dead things lifes clean-up
    crew! (vultures)
  • Decomposers lifes recyclers (bacteria and fungi)

34
  • 2. SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS
  • When organisms live in REALLY close quarters
  • Parasitism Live off other orgs but dont kill
    them (some worms, ticks, fleas)
  • Mutualism Orgs that both benefit (Clownfish and
    sea anemone)
  • Commensalism One org benefits the other -
    neither harmed or benefitted (Whale and barnacles)

PARASITISM MUTALISM
COMMENSALISM
35
  • 3. FOOD WEBS
  • All food chains in an ecosystem are illustrated
    in a food web
  • INVOLVES all possible energy paths

36
Food Webs are diagrams that show more complex
feeding relationships
37
A simplified food web at a pond
38
Lets talk energy! The fuel of life!
  • Ask yourself Where does our ultimate source of
    energy come from?
  • The sun of course!
  • Ask yourself Which orgs can harness suns
    energy and make food?
  • Plants of course!
  • Ask yourself What happens to the plants energy
    when a herbivore eats it?
  • Ask yourself What happens to the herbivores
    energy when a carnivore eats it?
  • Ask yourself What happens to the carnivores
    energy when another carnivore eats it?

Decreases
Decreases
Decreases
39
1. What happens to ENERGY in an ecosystem?
  • Every organism uses energy to carry out life
    processes
  • If an organism is eaten, it will give less energy
    to the predator
  • THEREFORE, ENERGY DECREASES AS YOU MOVE UP A FOOD
    CHAIN!

40
  • WE USE AN ENERGY PYRAMID TO SHOW THIS
  • see fig 6-7 and 6-8 on page 107 in your review
    book!

Carnivores - BIRD
Herbivores - CATERPILLAR
Producers(Autotrophs) OAK TREE
41
As energy is transferred, much of it is lost to
the environmentLets watch http//www.brainpop
.com/science/energy/energypyramid
42
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47
D. RECYCLING NUTRIENTS
  • DECOMPOSERS extract what little nutrients are
    left
  • They return raw materials (nitrogen) back to soil
  • Other orgs continually recycling CARBON DIOXIDE,
    OXYGEN, AND NITROGEN
  • ENERGY IS NEVER RECYCLED!
  • involves the processes of RESPIRATION and
    PHOTOSYNTHESIS.

48
Lets look at pg 108 in RB RECYCLING OF
MATERIALS IN ECOSYSTEMS
  • Lets Watch brain pop carbon CYCLE VIDEO (232)
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