??????? ??????? ?.???? ??? ?????? ???? ?. ???? ???? ??? Mansoura University

1
??????? ????????.???? ??? ?????? ????
?. ???? ???? ??? Mansoura University

2

• ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????
  ?????? ????? ????? ???? .
• ???? ??? ??????? ?????
• ????? "Ramann" ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??
  ??? ????? .
• ?????Joffe" " ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??
  ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????
  ??? ???? ? ?????? ?????? .
• ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????
  ?? ????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ??? ????
  ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????
  ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? .

3
??????? ???????? ?????

• ???? 92 ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ????
  ????? 2000 ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??
  ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????.
• ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????
  ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????
  ? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????
  ?????? ????????.

4
????? ?????

• ? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????
  ???????
• 1- ????? ????? ?????
• ? - ?????? ????????
  
• ? - ?????????????
• 2- ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????
  ???????.
• 3- ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????
  ???????.

5
???? ????? ?????

• ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????
  ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????
  ? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???
  ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??????
  ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ????? .
• ? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ??
  ????? ? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????
  ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????
  ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? .

6
? - ?????? ???????

• ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??
  ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? .
• ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???
  ?????? ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ??? ??? ?? 1
  ??? 10 .
• ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????
  ????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????
  ????? ??????.

7
????? ????? ??????

• ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??
  ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????
  ??????? ???????.
• ????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???
• ??? ???? ????? .
• ???? ?????? .
• ???? ?????? ??????? .

8
????? ????? ??????

• ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??
  ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ? ??? ????
  ????? ??????? ?? ?????.
• ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????
  ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? .

9
????? ??????? Formation Soil

• ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???
  ??? ????? ??????? ??? Parent material ???? ??
  ????? .
• ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????????
  ???????? ???? ????????
• The process of weathering ????? ????? ???? ????
  ????? ????? ??????? Soil forming factors .

10
??????? The process of weathering

• ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????
  ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????
  ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? .
• ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????
  -
• 1- ???? ??????? disintegration??? ?????? ??
  ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????????
  ???????? ???????? physical weathering .
• 2- ???? ??????? decomposition ????? ??????
  ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????
  ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????
  ????? ??????? ????????? ohemical weathering .

11
???? ????? ??????????? ???????

• 1- ??????? ??????? Temperature .
• ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??
  ???? ????? ???? ??? ????
• ??????? ??????
• 2- ?????? wind .
• ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???????.

12

• 3- ????? Water .
• ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????
  ?????? ??? ?????????
• 4 - ?????? Gleaners .
• ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????
  ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????
  ????? ???????.

13
????? ???????? ????????? ???????

• 1-??????? Hydration.
• ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????
  ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? .
• 2- ??????? oxidation .
• ???? ?????????? 20 ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????
  ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????
  ???????? .

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• 3- ???????? reduction
• ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???
  ??????????
• 4-?????? ?????? Hydrolsis
• ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????
  (??) (???) ???? (??) ??? ???????? ??????? ??
  ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? .

15

• 5- ??????? creation
• ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????
  ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????
  ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????.
• 6- ??????? Solution
• ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????
  ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????
  ????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????????
  ??????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????

16
?????? ???????? ?????????

• ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????
  ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? destructive ??
  ????? Protective ??
• ????? constructive
• ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????
  ??????????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????
  ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? .

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????? ????? ??????? Soil forming factor

• ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? -
• ?????? Climate, (C1)
• ???????? ????? organisms, (0)
• ???????? Topgraphy , relief ( r
• ???? ????? parent material ( p)
  
• ????? Time ( t)

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1- ?????? Climate

• ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????
  ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????
  ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???
  ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????
  ???? ??????? .
• ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????
  ??????? ??? ??????

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2- ???? ????? parent material

• ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????
  ???????
• ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????
  ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ???
  ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????
  ???????? .
• ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???
  ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? .

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3- ???????? Releif

• ?? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??
  ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ???
  ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????
  ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????
  .
• ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????
  ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????
  ?????? ??????? .

21
4- ????? Time

• ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???
  ????? ? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????
  ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? .
• ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???????
  ?? ?????? .

22
5-???????? ????? Organisms

• ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????
  ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? .
• ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????
  ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????
  ??????? .

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??? ??????? Soil Survey

• ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ??
  ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????????
  ??????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? .
• ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? -
• - ?? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ????
  ?????? profiles ?????orings ?? ????? ????
  ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? .

24

• ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? .
• ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????
  ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????
  ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? .

25
????? ????? ???????? ???????

• ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????
  ??? -
• 1-????? ?????????? Reconsaisaance .
• 2- ????? ????? ???????? Semi detailed Survey
  .
• 3- ????? ???????? Detailed Survey .

26

• 1- ????? ?????????? Reconsaisaance
• ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????
  ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????
  ??? .
• 2- ????? ????? ???????? Semi detailed Survey
  
• ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????
  ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????
  ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????
  1000001 .
• 3- ????? ???????? Detailed Survey
• ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???
  ????????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????
  ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????
  ????? ??? .

27
???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????

• ???? ??????? ?? ????? -
• ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????
  ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??
  ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????
  ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????
  ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????
  ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????
  ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??
  ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? .

28

• ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????-
• 1- ??? ????? 2- ???????????
  3-????????
• 4- ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????
  5- ??? ??????
• 6-???? ?????? 7- ???? ?????? 8-????? ??????
  consistency
• 9- ????? ????? ??????
• 10-??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? Lime
  content
• 11-????? ????? Soil ph 12- ???? ????
  ??????
• 13- ?????? ??????? concretions

29
????? ??????? ?? ??????

• ?- ????? ??????? ?????? ???????.
• ?- ????????? ???? ???? ??? ??????
• ????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????
  ????????? .
• ????? ????????? ?? ??- ?- ? .
• ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? .
• ????? ph .
• ????? ????????? ??????? .
• ????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? .
• ?????? ??????? .
• ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? .
• ?????? ????? ??????? .
• ???????? ??????? .

30
????? ????? ??????? ???????? Soil maps

• ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????
  ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???????
  ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? .
• ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? -
• ??????? ???????? ??????? .
• ????? ?????? .
• ????? ????? ???????? ??????
• ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????
  ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ???????
  ????????.

31
????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????
Land capability classification

• ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????
  ??? ???? ????? -
• ????? ????? Class 1
• ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????
  ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ????
  ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????
  ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????
  ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? .

32

• ????? ?????? Class ll
• ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? .
  ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? .
• ????? ?????? Class lll
• ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ?????
  ?????
• ????? ????? ??? ?????? .
• ????? ?????? Class 1V
• ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???
  ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????
  ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? .

33

• ????? ?????? Class v
• ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???
  ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????
  ????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ???
  ???? ??? ??? .
• ????? ?????? Class VI
• ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????
  ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????
  ????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??
  ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? .

34

• ????? ?????? Class VII
• ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? .
• ????? ??????Class VIII
• ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?????
  ????? ???? ?? ????
• ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????
  ???? ????????? ???????? .