Carbon in Life and Materials

1
Carbon in Life and Materials
6 C Carbon 12.011
2
Organic Compounds

• Organic Compounds
• Contain carbon-hydrogen bonds
• Often contain N, S, P
• Major types carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and
  nucleic acids.
• Are not just living things but can also be made
  in a labexample sugar

www.organicsbydesign.com
www.hermann-uwe.de
3
Inorganic Compounds

• Inorganic Compounds
• Substances that do not have carbon-hydrogen bonds
• Not normally found in living things
• Examples minerals, metals, and salts
• Exceptions to the rule (all inorganic)
• Diamonds (C), graphite (C), carbon dioxide (CO2)

universoulproductions.wordpress.com
www.ndt-ed.org
4
Carbon forms many different compounds

• Large variety of compounds results from the
  number of bonds that each carbon atom can form
• Carbon atoms always share four pairs of electrons
  in four covalent bonds
• Single bond
• Double bond
• Triple bond

5
Carbon-based molecules can have many structures
nafaa.pbwiki.com

• Chains
• Carbon atoms can bond together to form chains
  that are straight or branched
• Rings
• Carbon rings contain at least 5 carbon atoms

www.green-planet-solar-energy.com
6
Isomers

• Isomer compounds that contain the same atoms,
  but in different places
• Both have 4 Carbons
• and 10 Hydrogens
• Butane
• Isobutane

cornellbiochem.wikispaces.com
7
Carbon-based molecules are lifes building blocks
www.rbge.org.uk

• Carbon-based molecules have many functions in
  living things
• Similarities
• All contain carbon and hydrogen or oxygen,
  nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus.
• Large molecules

www.ucmp.berkeley.edu
8
Lifes Carbon-based molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids

mrscraigsbiology.blogspot.com
9
Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrate contain carbon, hydrogen, and
  oxygenexamples sugars, starches, and cellulose.
  
• Sugar glucose C6H12O6
• Cells in both plants and animals break down
  glucose for energy
• Starch many glucose molecules
• When starch is broken down many glucose molecules
  are broken down and used for energy
• Cellulose plant cell walls
• Carbohydrate that is composed of glucose

10
Lipids

• Lipid fats and oils that are used for energy and
  as structural materials in living things
• Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Structure different from carbohydrates
• Animals store chemical energy in fat
• Fatsaturated and unsaturated
• Saturated all the bonds in the lipid are single,
  most animal fatstoo much saturated fat could
  lead to heart disease
• Unsaturated one or more bonds in lipid are
  double
• Cholesterol
• lipid that is part of cell membranes
• Makes hormones (chemical messengers in your
  body)

11
Proteins

• Proteins macromolecules (large) that are made up
  of amino acids
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
  sulfur, and other elements
• Many different functions
• Function based on order of amino acids
• 20 different amino acids make up the proteins in
  your body
• Function is based on structure

12
Nucleic Acids

• Nucleic acids huge, complex carbon-based
  molecules that contain information that cells use
  to make proteins
• Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
  phosphorus
• Each cell in your body contains a complete set of
  nucleic acidsso each cell has all of the
  instructions it needs to make the proteins your
  body needs

13
DNA

• Deoxyribonucleic Acid nucleic acid that contains
  the genetic code
• Sides of ladder made of sugar and phosphate
• Rungs (steps) are made up of cytosine (C),
  guanine (G), adenine (A), Thymine (T).
• C and G always pair
• A and T always pair

eapbiofield.wikispaces.com
14
Carbon-based molecules
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
Sugars and starches Energy for cells Plant cell walls Include fats and oils Energy for cells Cell membranes Function depends on order of amino acids Structure, transport, immune system, enzymes DNA Carries genetic code Sequence of three DNA bases is the code for an amino acid
15
Carbon Cycle
eo.ucar.edu
16
Carbon-based molecules in many materials

• Hydrocarbon a compound made of hydrogen and
  carbon
• Found in large deposits (petroleum)
• Polymers
• Very large carbon-based molecules made of smaller
  repeating units (monomers)
• Formation by chemical reactions that bond
  monomers together
• Plastics (polypropylene)capable of being molded
  or shapedplastics can be recycled