Arable Crop Production

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Arable Crop Production

• Grain Storage -
• Store pests and diseases

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Objectives

• Describe common pests of a given crop group.
• Describe best practice in relation to pesticide
  usage

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Introductions

• Grain storage pests
• Field pests
• Slugs
• Leatherjackets
• Aphids
• Pests of oilseed rape
• Potato pests PCN
• Pesticide best practice The Basics

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What pests affect grain in store?

• Saw tooth grain beetle
• Grain Weevil
• Grain mites
• Rats/Mice

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Grain Stores

• Prior to filling, grain stores should be
• Thoroughly cleaned
• Fumigated
• Vermin proof
• Weather proof

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Insect Pests of Stored Grain

• Saw-toothed grain beetle
• Survive in previous grain residues.
• Multiply at MC above 14 and temperatures from
  17.5 - 40C.
• Feed on the grain in both adult and larvae stages
  causing hotspots.

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Saw-toothed grain beetle

• Control by
• Store hygiene
• Drying grain below 14 MC and cool to 15C.
• Apply insecticide to grain

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Saw toothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus
surinamensis
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Grain weevil

• Control
• Store hygiene
• Store below 12 C
• Apply insecticide to grain

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Grain Weevil

• Survive in store and on residues of previous
  crop.
• Brought in on grain.
• Adult females bore holes in grain and lay eggs.
• Larvae eat the grain from inside.

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Grain weevil -Sitophilus granarius
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Insect Pests of Stored Grain

• Grain Mites
• Enter store on grain or survive in store
  residues.
• Damage grain by eating the germ and causing
  taints and fungal infections.
• Multiply rapidly in moist conditions.

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Grain Mites

• Control by
• Keeping the grain dry 14 MC
• Maintain store RH below 65
• Store hygiene

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Grain mite Glycyphagus species
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Pest control insects and mites

• Primary pests these live, feed and develop in
  grain stocks - the most serious group

Beetles Mites
Size lt2mm diametre lt5mm length 0.5mm
Multiplication rate 60x per mth 2,000 x per mth
Min breed oC Weevils 13oC Beetles 18oC 5oC
Min MC 2-12 15
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• Secondary pests feed on crop residues and mould
• Often present with nesting birds
• Usually a high fungal content in the crop
• Often slower breeding and few generations
• Tend to have a lower min breeding temp and prefer
  moister conditions
• Strays enter from outside store or brought in
  at harvest
• Seldom cause damage but may lead to rejection of
  crop

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Mice Rats

• House/field mice
• Norway/Brown Rat
• Where possible, ensure that all doors are tight
  fitting and access to sheds is limited.
• Need to ensure that all bait points are monitored
  on a regular basis and all baits points are
  recorded on farmyard layout.

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Health Safety
Hazard Risk Control
Fumigants used pre storage. Poisoned by gas Stay out of store during fumigation. Ventilate before entering.
Loose grain Buried by grain Do not climb on the sides of loose heaps of grain.
Grain pesticide dressings Poisoned by pesticides. Wash hands after handling treated grain.
Air-tight bins Suffocation Stay out of sealed bins unless they have been ventilated.
Propionic acid Skin damage by acid. Wear PPE. Wash off spills immediately.
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What pests affect plants in the field?

• Slugs
• Leatherjackets
• Grain Aphids
• Potato Cyst Nematode (PCN)

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Slugs

• Mollusca
• Soft slimy bodies,
• Prone to drying out and must retreat to damp
  places when weather dries up.
• Controlled by cultural (rove beetles) and slug
  pellets (metiocarb, methalyhde, etc. )

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Slugs

• Bait to assess numbers
• Threshold for treatment
• Winter Wheat 4 slugs/trap
• WOSR 1 slug/trap
• Size of trap, 30cm x 30cm.
• Metaldehyde stewardship

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Slugs feeding damage
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Leatherjackets

• Larvae of cranefly (daddy long legs)
• Feeds on roots of grasses
• Feeds directly on seeds in the soil.
• Adults lay eggs in Aug-Oct
• Depending on weather damage is seen as feeding in
  following spring

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Leatherjackets - control

• Monitor to assess levels
• Reseeds cereals exiting long term leys highest
  risk
• Chlopyrifos

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Grain Aphids

• Feed on all cereal crops
• Feeds on phloem of plant by using spikelet to
  burrow down into get sugar from plant.
• Primary cause of BYDV in cereals
• Activity will increase in warm weather.

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Grain Aphids

• BYDV controlled by
• Long cultivation window 3 weeks
• Bury grass trash
• Seed treatment to control virus vectors
• Monitor aphid migration Spray aphicide

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Potato Cyst Nematode

• Potato Cyst Nematodes (PCN) also known as eel
  worms.
• Feed on roots of Solanaceae Family (potatoes and
  tomatoes)
• Can cause a yield reduction in up to 60 in
  infected fields.

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Potato Cyst Nematode
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PCN - Reducing the Risk

• Rotation
• Plant certified basic seed
• PCN soil sampling when using farm saved seed
• Clean shared machinery
• Dispose of grader waste to an on-farm tip or
  field of origin
• Do not feed or spread untreated vegetable waste
• Be wary of imported animal manures

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Oilseed Rape Pests

• Cabbage Stem Flea Beetle

• Pollen Beetles

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Grain Storage - Quiz
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Grain Stores

• Prior to filling, grain stores should be

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Grain weevil -Sitophilus granarius
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Grain mite Glycyphagus species
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Name this store pest
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Pesticide Best Practice
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Certification

• From 26th Nov 2015 only sprayer operators with a
  PA1 PA2 will be legally be able to apply
  chemicals.
• To apply pesticides must have a recommendation
  from a BASIS qualified adviser
• Treatments must be recorded in the pesticides
  application record book.

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PESTICIDE PRODUCT LABEL
Contains information to help you get the best
performance from the pesticide

• It also helps you use the pesticide
• Safely
• Effectively
• Accurately

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PESTICIDE PRODUCT LABEL
Read and Understand the product label

• Contains a lot of information
• Some information legally binding.

• Main categories of text
• Important information eg dose rates,
  application rates, etc
• Advisory Information eg compatability, timings,
  etc

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PESTICIDE LABELPLEASE FIND THE FOLLOWING
INFORMATION

• Product Name Agritox
• Approval Number MAPP 14894
• Active Ingredient MCPA
• Pesticide Type Herbicide
• What insects are controlled by this
  product Broad-leaved weeds
• Crops on which product may be used Winter and
  Spring Wheat, Barley, Rye, Oats and Grassland
• Product Form (Liquid or Powder) Liquid
• Product Hazard Symbol Harmful and Dangerous for
  the Environment
• Approved Field of Use As an Agricultural
  Herbicide to control Broad-leaved weeds on
• Wheat, Barley, Rye, Oats and Grassland.

Application Of Product Maximum Individual Dose Maximum Total Dose Latest Time of Application
Winter Spring Wheat, Barley, Rye Oats 3.3 L/Ha 3.3 L/Ha/Crop Before 1st Node Detectable (GS 31)
Undersown Cereals (as above) with Red Clover 1.4 L/Ha 1.4 L/Ha/Crop Before 1st Node Detectable (GS 31)
Grassland 3.3 L/Ha 6.6 L/Ha/Crop Not Applicable

• Restrictions (give 3) Any 3
• Sprayer Application Rate /Ha (litres) Not Less
  than 200L/Ha
• Spray Quality Medium / Coarse
• Is Agritox compatible with other products? Yes
• What Advice is given? Consult Manufacturer or
  Agronomist
• List Operator PPE Coveralls, Gloves, Face
  Shield
• Environmental Protection
• List Buffer Zones for this product Flowing
  Water 5 metres
• Dry Ditch 1 metre
• Can Buffer zone be reduced under LERAP Yes
• What is an Adjuvant? A wetter or sticker to
  improve product effectiveness

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What do the letters PPE stand for ?

• PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Coverall Gloves Face shield Goggles Dust
mask Footwear Respiratory Protective Equipment
(RPE) Waterproof apron
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Pesticide Application Record
Date    
Site of Application    
Crop Treated    
Reason for Treatment    
Pesticide Used    
Pesticide Dose Rate (l/ha or kg/ha)    
Spray Application Rate (l/ha)    
Nozzle type and Code    
Spray Pressure (bar)    
Weather Conditions    
Start Time    
Finish Time    
Other Relevant Information    
Operators Name    
Operators Signature