A New Battleground

1
A New Battleground
Cartoon explains Mutual Assured Destruction
visually Kennedy and Khrushchev are
arm-wrestling. Each is sitting on a hydrogen bomb
labeled as belonging to the other. Each has his
free hand poised to set off the nuke his
opponents seated on. Its implied this will
happen once one of the men starts to lose. Since
theyre across a table from each other, though,
the bomb that explodes will kill both (nations).

• Section 14.4

2
Review Questions

• Describe the Soviet Union after WWII
• What is the Cold War?
• How did Truman react to Stalins closing of
  Berlin?
• What is the Truman Doctrine?
• What was the purpose of the Marshall Plan?
• What is Containment?
• What is MAD?
• Describe the Korean War. Was it a war? Who won?
• Who was Mao?
• How did Americans react to the Soviets acquiring
  the Bomb?
• What is Sputnik? Why was it a big deal?

3
What is the Third World?
4
What is the Third World and what role did it
play in the Cold War?

• Usually non-white, developing, poor
• Asia, Latin America, Africa, Middle East
• Formerly under colonial domination
• Many rich in natural resources
• Rubber, oil, sugar, coffee
• Newly independent (after WWII)
• US and Soviet Union competed for their support

Above and below Impoverished people in Third
World countries
5
Why was it difficult for America to get Third
World nations support/friendship?

• Resented any outsiders trying to gain control
• Jealous of American wealth
• Saw hypocrisy in American race relations
• Segregation in the South
• US support of wealthy, sometimes brutal dictators
  over poor
• US wanted stability, not revolution

Above more poverty below, the relative wealth
of an American couple
6
Election of 1952

• Truman could have run for re-election 22nd
  Amendment did not apply to him
• Truman gave it a shot- allowed his name to be
  placed on the ballot for the New Hampshire
  primary- but did poorly
• Stood aside in favor of Gov. Adlai E. Stevenson
  of Illinois
• Stevenson was intelligent and well-spoken but
  not a man of the people
• Eisenhower, the Republican nominee, had a common
  touch
• Ike ran a modern campaign using television I
  like Ike ads
• Personally moderate, he picked a more
  conservative running-mate, Richard Nixon of
  California
• After Nixon overcame a scandal, the Republicans
  sailed to victory

7
Steady Hand on the Nuclear Button
Capture from clip explaining the appeal of a war
hero with experience and stability
8
Americas New President
Capture from another clip Crowd cheers Eisenhower
9
How did the US wage the Cold War under Eisenhower?

• Sent aid to Third World
• Farming, schools, medical care
• Win their hearts and minds
• Used CIA
• Created by Truman
• Carried out covert missions, spying without
  congressional oversight
• Unlimited budget (after 1949) used to
• bribe overseas politicians
• hire secret armies
• assassinate
• Budget
• 4.7 million in 1947
• 82 million in 1950

Above Ike in uniform from WWII days below CIA
insignia
10
Describe the crisis in Iran in 1951.
Capture burning oil fields
11
Describe the crisis in Iran in 1951

• Iran ruled by Shah (king)
• Widespread poverty
• Oil controlled by British
• Prime Minister Mossadegh (socialist)
• Called for nationalizing the oil fields
• British refused to accept this

Above and below Shahs (kings) of Iran
12
What was AJAX?

• A CIA plan to save Shahs rule and eliminate
  Mossadegh
• Plot was discovered by Mossadegh who informed
  public on radio
• CIA Iranian agents provoked a battle with
  Mossadeghs supporters
• Made Mossadegh seem violent and revolutionary
• Mossadegh surrendered and Shah was restored

Above Mossadegh during brief time in power
below facing trial after Shah was restored to
the throne
13
Why did US involvement in Latin America and Cuba
upset common people?

• US companies controlled over 7 billion of
  natural resources (90)
• Nationalism was growing
• Fulgencio Batista
• Brutal dictator of Cuba and friendly to US
• Majority of Cubans lived in poverty

14
Cubas Poverty
Capture from clip on pre-revolutionary Cuba
15
How did Cuba become a Soviet Ally?

• Fidel Castro seized power in 1958
• A Marxist (Communist)
• Demanded the natural resources of Cuba, owned by
  US firms (was willing to pay for them)
• US firms refused
• Castro nationalized all Cuban resources
• Eisenhower (CIA) trained La Brigada to
  assassinate him
• Broke diplomatic relations with US

Above Castros communist guerrillas in the
hills of Cuba below, Castro as young leader
after 1958
16
What happened at the Bay of Pigs?

• Kennedy ordered La Brigada to invade Cuba at Bay
  of Pigs overthrow Castro (4/17/1961)
• 1, 500 commandos were captured
• Kennedy refused air support (to keep US
  involvement secret)
• Made US and Kennedy look weak

Above Castro with Khrushchev below magazine
cover shows Bay of Pigs disaster
17
The Bay of Pigs
Capture from clip on Bay of Pigs, 4/1961
18
What caused the Cuban Missile Crisis?
U2 photo of Soviet missile sites in Cuba, 1962
19
What caused the Cuban Missile Crisis?

• Operation Mongoose
• Plot to disrupt Cuban trade, assassinate Castro
• Led Khrushchev to install nuclear bombers and
  missiles in Cuba
• US U2 spy plane took pictures (Oct. 14, 1962)

Above U2 plane below mock-up of Soviet base in
Cuba used by JFK in address to the nation
20
How did Kennedy handle the Crisis?
Photo of Kennedy meeting in the White House with
members of the Joint Chiefs
21
How did Kennedy handle the Crisis?

• His Options
• Accept the missile bases
• Negotiate w/ Khrushchev
• Air Strike
• Air Strike invade
• Solution
• Naval Blockade (quarantine)
• Soviets removed missiles in exchange for US
  pledge not to invade Cuba (and secret pledge to
  remove US missiles from Turkey)
• US and Soviets accepted each others power and
  agreed to negotiate solutions to future conflicts
• Hotline was setup b/t Moscow Washington
• Arms race continued

Above Soviet cargo ship approaches US fleet
below Soviet cargo ship leaving Cuba with
missiles
22
Capture from a clip on Cuban Missile Crisis
23
Another clip on Cuban Missile Crisis (capture
shows US colonial flag)