Intelligence

1
Intelligence

• What makes us intelligent
• Or
• Not so intelligent

2
Achievement

• Achievement
• Knowledge and sills gained from experience
• The things you know and can do
• An achievement test is a test designed to assess
  what a person has learned.
• Semester Exams

3
Intelligence

• The ability to learn from experience, to think
  rationally, and to deal effectively with others

4
Is intelligence one thing or several different
abilities?

• To find out scientists use FACTOR ANALYSIS
• A statistical procedure that identifies clusters
  of related items on a test.
• Charles Spearman used FA to discovery his g or
  (general intelligence).

He saw using FA that doing well in one area of a
test predicted that you will do well in another.
5
Spearman Two-Factor Theory
Spearman said we have a general intelligence (g)
For example, people who do well on vocabulary
examinations also do well on paragraph
comprehension examinations. Other factors include
a spatial ability factor or a reasoning ability
factor.
6
Gardners Theory of Multiple Intelligences

• Howard Gardner disagreed with Spearmans G and
  instead came up with the concept of multiple
  intelligences.
• He came up with the idea by studying savants (a
  condition where a person has limited mental
  ability but is exceptional in one area).

7
Gardners Multiple Intelligences

• Visual/Spatial
• Verbal/Linguistic
• Logical/Mathematical
• Bodily/Kinesthetic
• Musical/Rhythmic
• Interpersonal
• Intrapersonal
• Natural
• Existential/philosophical

8
Robert Sternberg
Sternberg says intelligence breaks down into

1. Analytical Intelligence Intelligence that is
   assessed by intelligence tests.
2. Creative Intelligence Intelligence that makes us
   adapt to novel situations, generating novel
   ideas.
3. Practical Intelligence Intelligence that is
   required for everyday tasks (e.g. street smarts).

9
Emotional Intelligence (EQ)

• First called social intelligence.
• The ability to perceive, express, understand, and
  regulate emotions.
• Some studies show EQ to be a greater predictor
  for future success than IQ

10
Emotional Intelligence

• Emotional intelligence consists of 5 factors
• Self awareness
• Mood management
• Self-motivation
• Impulse control
• People skills

11
Measuring Intelligence

• Stanford- Binet Scale
• Wechsler Scales

12
How do we Assess Intelligence?

• Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon set out to figure
  out a concept called a mental age (what a person
  of a particular age should know).
• They discovered that by discovering someones
  mental age they can predict future performance.
• Hoped they could use test to help children, not
  label them.

13
IQ
formula of Intelligence Quotient (IQ),
14
IQ Test

• A 8 year old has a mental age of 10, what is her
  IQ?
• A 12 year old has the mental age of 9, what is
  his IQ?
• A boy has the mental age of 10 and an IQ of 200,
  how old is he?

15
David Wechsler
Wechsler developed the Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and later the Wechsler
Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), an
intelligence test for preschoolers.
16
WAIS
WAIS measures overall intelligence and 11 other
aspects related to intelligence that are designed
to assess clinical and educational problems.
17
Reliability

• The extent which a test yields consistent results
  over time.

18
Validity

• The extent to which a test measures what it is
  supposed to measure.
• Does the test measure the behavior of interest?
• Does the test predict future behavior?

19
Problems with Intelligence Tests

• Bias
• Cultural Bias
• Educational bias
• Economic bias
• Gender bias

20
Differences in Intelligence
A valid intelligence test divides two groups of
people into two extremes the mentally retarded
(IQ 70) and individuals with high intelligence
(IQ 135). These two groups are significantly
different.
21
Extremes of Intelligence
22
Mental Retardation
23
Gifted Intelligence
Contrary to popular belief, people with high
intelligence test scores tend to be healthy, well
adjusted, and unusually successful academically.

24
Intelligence and Creativity
Creativity is the ability to produce ideas that
are both novel and valuable. It correlates
somewhat with intelligence.
25
Genetic Influences
Studies of twins, family members, and adopted
children together support the idea that there is
a significant genetic contribution to
intelligence.
26
Is Intelligence Neurologically Measurable?
Recent Studies indicate some correlation (about
.40) between brain size and intelligence. As
brain size decreases with age, scores on verbal
intelligence tests also decrease.
Gray matter concentration in people with high
intelligence.
27
Adoption Studies
Adopted children show a marginal correlation in
verbal ability to their adopted parents.
28
Environmental Influences

1. Home Parenting
2. Preschool Programs

29
Early Intervention Effects
Early neglect from caregivers leads children to
develop a lack of personal control over the
environment, and it impoverishes their
intelligence.
Romanian orphans with minimal human interaction
are delayed in their development.
30
Schooling Effects
Schooling is an experience that pays dividends,
which is reflected in intelligence scores.
Increased schooling correlates with higher
intelligence scores.
To increase readiness for schoolwork, projects
like Head Start facilitate leaning.
31
Environmental Effects
Differences in intelligence among these groups
are largely environmental, as if one environment
is more fertile in developing these abilities
than another.
32
Reasons Why Environment Affects Intelligence

1. Races are remarkably alike genetically.
2. Race is a social category.
3. Asian students outperform North American students
   on math achievement and aptitude tests.
4. Todays better prepared populations would
   outperform populations of the 1930s on
   intelligence tests.
5. White and black infants tend to score equally
   well on tests predicting future intelligence.
6. Different ethnic groups have experienced periods
   of remarkable achievement in different eras.

33
Gender Similarities and Differences
There are seven ways in which males and females
differ in various abilities.
1. Girls are better spellers
2. Girls are verbally fluent and have large vocabularies
3. Girls are better at locating objects
4. Girls are more sensitive to touch, taste, and color
5. Boys outnumber girls in counts of underachievement
6. Boys outperform girls at math problem solving, but under perform at math computation
7. Women detect emotions more easily than men do
34
Adults Intelligence

• Biological factors that affect intelligence
• Biological changes
• Health changes
• Personality

• Environmental factors that affect intelligence
• Level of income
• Level of education
• Job history
• Family life
• Cultural education
• Marriage