Abstract View of System Components

1
???? ???? ???????

• ???? ??????? ?????? ????
• ???? ?????/?????
• ???? ?????
• ?????? ?????
• ??????? ????????
• ?????? ?????? ??????

2
???? ??????? ?????? ????
3
???? ??????? ?????? ????

• ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????
  ??????? ?? ????? ???/???
• ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??
  ?????????
• ???? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????
  ??? ???????
• ???? ??? ???????? ??/??? ???? ???/??? ???/ ??
  ??????? ?? ???? ????? (Buffer) ?? ???????.
• ?????? ????? ???? ?????/????? ???? ???????? ??
  ?????? ????? ?????/????? ?????? ??????.

4
????? ???????

• ?????? ??????? (Bootstrap)
• ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????
• ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????
• ????? ???? ???????
• ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??????
  ??? ???????
• ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????
  (Drivers)
• ????? ???????
• ?????? ???? ??? ???? (??????)

5
?????????

• ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????
  ?????? ??? ???? ????????
• ??????? ????? ????????? (Interrupt Handler) ????
  ??? ???????? ? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????
  ???????? (Service Routine)
• ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????
  ???????? (Interrupt Vector)

6
?????????

• ????? ????? ????????
• ??? ???? ???????? (PC)
• ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? (?? ???? ????
  ????????)
• ??? ???????
• ????? ??????? ???????
• ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? (???? ?????
  ???????)
• ???? ????? ?? ?????????
• ??????? ?????? (Interrupts)
• ??????? ?????? (Traps) ???? ?????? ?????????
  ?????? System Calls
• ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????
  (interrupt driven)

7
???? ?????/?????

• ????? ????? ?????/????? (????? ????? ????? ?????
  ??????? ????????...)
• ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????/????? ????? ??? (????
  ??????? ?????? ???? ?????)
• ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? (SCSI,
  IDE, Parallel, Serial)
• ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? (?????? Ports)
  ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????/????? (?????
  Buffer)

8
?????? ?????? ?????/?????
9
?????? ?????? ?????/?????

• ?????/????? ????????
• ??? ??? ???????? ????? ???/??? ????? ?? ???????
  ??????? ?????? ???????.
• ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????
  ??????.
• ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????/?????? ?????
  ?????? ????? ????????
• ?????/????? ??? ????????
• ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???/??? ???
  ?????? ?????? ???????.
• ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????
  ??????.
• ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???
  ????????.

10
?????? ?????? ?????/?????

• ????? ????????
• ???? (Active) ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????
  ?????? ????? ?????/?????
• ??? ??? (Passive)
• ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???
  ????? ???/??? ?????
• ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????????
• ???? ??????? ?????/????? ??????? ?????? ????
  ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????.
• ???? ???? ??????? Device-Status Table
• ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??
  ??????? (polling)

11
???? ???? ???????Device-Status Table
12
?????? ??????? ??? ??????? (DMA)

• ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??/??? ???? ???/???
  ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????????
• ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??/??? ???????
  ?????? ???/?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ????
  ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????
  ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????????
  ???? ????.
• ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???
  ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???
  ??? ?? ????.

13
???? ?????Storage Structure

• ????? ??????
• ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? RAM
• ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? IR
• ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????
• ????? ????????
• ??? ??????? ??? ???????
• ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? (????? ????????
  ??????? ?? ??? IR)
• ???????
• ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????
  (Volatile)
• ? ?????? ??? ????? ????? (HD, Floppy, Tape)
• ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????
• ? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? Cache

14
???? ?????Storage Structure

• ????? ?????
• ?????? ????? ?????
• ??????
• ??????
• ?????????
• ????????
• ????? ????? ????? ???????
• ????? ????? ????? ?????

15
???? ?????Storage Structure

• ??????? Caching
• ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????
  ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???
  ????? ????? ??????
• ??? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??
  ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????
  ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????
• ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????. ??? ??
  ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??
  ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???
  ?????? ??? ???.

• ?? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???????
  ??????? ??? ??? ?????????
• ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????
  ????? 80- 99
• ????? ??????? (Coherency)
• ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???????
• ???? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????
  ???????
• ???? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????
  ?????? ??? ?????

16
??????? ????????Hardware Protection

• ???????? ?????? ????? Dual-Mode Operation
• ????? ?????/????? I/O Protection
• ????? ??????? Memory Protection
• ????? ???? ???????? CPU Protection

17
???????? ?????? ?????

• ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???
  ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????
  ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????????
• ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????
  ????????
• ??? ???????? (User Mode) ???? ??????? ??????
  ????????
• ??? ??????? (Monitor mode)? ?? ??? ???????
  (Supervisor mode) ?? ????? ???????? (Privileged
  mode) ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????.
• ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? Motorola 68000?
  ???????? Intel 80286 ???????...

18
???????? ?????? ?????

• ???????
• ???? ????? (Bit Mode) ??? ???????? (0)? ???
  ??????? (1)
• ??????? ??????? (Privileged Instructions) ??
  ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? (????? ???
  ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????????...)
• ?????????
• ??? ????? ?????? ? ??? ???????
• ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ? ??? ????????
• ??? ???? ?????? ? ??? ???????

19
????? ?????/?????

• ??????? ?????/????? ?? ??????? ???????
• ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???/??? ?? ???? ???????
  ????
• ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????
  ?? ??? ????????.
• ???? ????? ????? ???/??? ?? ???? ??????? ????
• ?????? ??????
• ???????? ??? ??? ???????
• ????? ??????? ????????
• ??????? ??? ??? ????????
• ?????? ??? ?????? ????????

20
????? ???????

• ????? ????? ???????
• ????? ???? ?????????
• ????? ??????? ??????
• ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????
• ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??
  ???? ???????
• ??? ??????? (Base Register) ???? ???? ????
  ?????? ?????
• ??? ???? (Limit Register) ??? ????? ????????
  ???? ???? ?????? ?????
• ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????
  ??????? (??? ???????) ?? ?? ???? ????? ???????
  ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???.

21
????? ???????

• ????? ??????? ???????? ???????

22
????? ???? ????????

• ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ?????
  ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ???
  ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?????
  ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????
  ??????).
• ???? ??????? ???? Timer ????? ?????? ????
  ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????
• ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????
• ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????
• ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????
  ?????? ?????? (Context Switch) ??? ???? ??????
  ??????.
• ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????.
• ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (???
  ???????).