Intelligence

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Intelligence
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Who is the most intelligent individual pictured
here?
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• Is intelligence one general ability, or several
  specific abilities?
• Different cultures deem intelligent as whatever
  attributes enable success in those cultures
• Is a talented artist who cant do math
  unintelligent? Is a brilliant scientist who
  cant follow a road map unintelligent?

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What is Intelligence?

• Intelligence mental quality consisting of the
  ability to learn from experience, solve problems,
  and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

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General Intelligence

• Charles Spearman
• Intelligence is defined as a single measure of
  general cognitive ability (g), such as an IQ test
  score, your SAT score, or your DSTP scores.
  Primarily measures only academic prowess.

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Theory of Multiple Intelligences

• Howard Gardner
• Linguistic
• Logical-Mathematical
• Body-Kinesthetic
• Spatial
• Musical
• Interpersonal
• Intrapersonal
• Naturalist
• Existential

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• Howard Gardners Multiple Intelligences
• How Intelligent Are Animals?
• Boosting Brain Power

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• Linguistic A person's ability to construct and
  comprehend language
• Journalists, poets, novelists, storyteller

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• Logical-Mathematical Our ability to work with
  numbers, to mentally process logical problems and
  mathematic equations
• Scientists, accountants, navigator, surveyor

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• Spatial How we comprehend shapes and images in
  three dimensions.
• Artists, cab drivers, architects, chess player

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• Musical - The ability to perform and compose
  music.
• Pianist, Composers, Singer

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• Intrapersonal Intrapersonal intelligence allows
  us to reflect and understand our own well being -
  who we are, what feelings we have, and why we are
  this way.

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• Body-Kinesthetic - To possess control of
  movements, balance, agility and grace.
• Athletes, dancers, craftsperson

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• Interpersonal The ability to interact with
  others, understand them, and interpret their
  behavior known as interpersonal intelligence.
  Social skills.
• Politicians, clergy, talk show host, salesperson

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• Naturalistic experiencing and understanding in
  the natural world, plant and aquatic life
• Rangers, Guides, Environmentalists, Zoologists,
  Archeologists, Geologists

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• Existential Intelligence- Individuals who pose
  and ponder questions about broad themes such as
  life, death, justice
• Philosophers and Thinkers, Human Rights Activists

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Emotional Intelligence

• Salovey and Mayer
• Gardners Multiple Intelligences PLUS
• Emotional Intelligence superb social skills,
  manages conflicts well, and has great empathy for
  others

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Triarchic Theory of Multiple Intelligences

• Robert Sternberg
• -Analytical
• -Creative
• -Practical

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• Analytical Assessed by intelligence tests,
  which present well-defined problems having single
  right answers academic intelligence. Commonly
  referred to as book smarts.

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• Practical Intelligence the ability to adapt to
  the environment, reflecting was is commonly
  called street smarts.

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• Creative Intelligence the ability to
  effectively deal with novel situations by drawing
  on existing skills and knowledge.

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Intelligence Anomalies

• Savant Syndrome a condition in which a person
  otherwise limited in mental ability has an
  exceptional specific skill, such as in
  computation or drawing some people are mentally
  handicapped in almost every aspect except for one
  very specific ability.
• Prodigies an individual with otherwise normal
  abilities except for a single exceptional talent

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• Savant Piano
• Savant Drawing
• Basketball Prodigy
• Piano Prodigy
• Art Prodigy

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Assessing Intelligence

• How is intelligence determined?
• Testing

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Two Types of Intelligence Tests

• Achievement Test a test designed to assess what
  a person has already learned
• Aptitude Test a test designed to predict a
  persons future performance aptitude is the
  capacity to learn

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One Example of an Aptitude Test is an IQ Test

• Intelligence Test a written method for
  assessing an individuals mental aptitudes and
  comparing them with those of others using
  numerical scores
• Student A got a 1300 SAT score, while Student B
  got a 900 SAT score. Student A is more
  intelligent.

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Two Types of IQ Tests

• Stanford-Binet the most widely used written
  intelligence test
• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale the most
  widely used intelligence test contains verbal
  and performance (nonverbal) subtests

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• Factor Analysis a statistical procedure that
  identifies clusters of related items (factors) on
  a test used to identify different dimensions of
  performance that underlie ones total score
• Along with your score on a test, there is a
  breakdown of your performances on individual
  sections of the test 600 Verbal, 700 Math on a
  total SAT score of 1300

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How do you determine IQ?Step 1

• Mental Age the chronological age that most
  typically corresponds to a given level of
  performance.
• A child who does as well as the average
  8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8.

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How do you determine IQ?Step 2

• Intelligence Quotient (IQ) defined originally
  as the ratio of mental age (ma) to the
  chronological age (ca), multiplied by 100. (MA /
  CA) X 100
• An 8-year old student that takes an IQ Test
  scores as well the average 10-year old.
• 10/8 1.25 X 100 125 IQ

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IQ Scale

• Over 140 - Genius or near genius
• 120 - 140 - Very superior intelligence
• 110 - 119 - Superior intelligence
• 90 - 109 - Normal or average intelligence
• 80 - 89 - Dullness
• 70 - 79 - Borderline deficiency
• Under 70 - Definite feeble-mindedness

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• The Flynn Effect The average IQ of people has
  generally risen over the last century. This
  doesnt mean that people have necessarily gotten
  smarter. Schools have gotten better,
  technology has gotten better, access to education
  has gotten better.the environment has helped to
  increase general IQ, not a natural increase in
  brain power.

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Constructing An Intelligence Test
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Establish A Standard

• Standardization defining meaningful scores by
  comparison with the performance of a pretested
  standardization group
• The control test group (a representative
  sample of the entire population you are comparing
  scores to) scored an average of 1000 on the SAT.
  You scored a 1200 on the SAT. You are above
  the standard.

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Is The Test Reliable?

• Reliability the extent to which a test yields
  consistent results, and how well it can be
  replicated

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Checking Reliability

• Split-Half Reliability Half of the students
  answer all of the odd questions, the other half
  answer all of the even questions on a test. The
  scores should be similar if the test is
  consistently testing the same knowledge
  throughout.
• Equivalent Form Students who receive Form A of
  a test should score similarly to those students
  who received Form B regarding the same
  information.

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Is The Test Valid?

• Validity the extent to which a test measures or
  predicts what it is supposed to

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• Content Validity the extent to which a test
  samples the behavior that is of interest
• If a test is supposed to test your knowledge of
  mathematical principles, the questions should be
  on math, not history or writing skills

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• Predictive Validity the success with which a
  test predicts the behavior it is designed to
  predict it is assessed by computing the
  correlation between test scores and the criterion
  behavior
• Is a test is designed to measure mechanical
  aptitude, people who receive high scores should
  ultimately prove more successful in mechanical
  jobs than people that scored low

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Reliability and Validity

• It is possible to have a test that is reliable,
  but not valid. Such a test consistently
  measures something, but not what it is intended
  to measure.
• IE. A vocabulary test given in math class is
  reliable as far as testing vocabulary, but is not
  a valid measure of a students mathematical
  intelligence.

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Reliability and Validity

• It is impossible to have a test that is valid,
  but not reliable. If individual scores fluctuate
  wildly, then they cannot consistently correlate
  with other scores, whatever those scores may be.
• Tests cannot be accurately measuring a given set
  of material if scores on those tests vary wildly.
  On multiple tests of a single mathematical
  principal you score an 89, 34, 56, and a 99, the
  tests cannot have been consistently testing the
  same material, nor can they be good indicators
  that you know or dont know the material.