Kingdom

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Kingdom Plantae
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Unit Goals (as they relate to plants)

• Students will analyze the nature of the
  relationships between structures and functions in
  living cells.
• a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both
  prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the
  cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and
  cell reproduction.
• d. Explain the impact of water on life processes
  (i.e., osmosis, diffusion).
• Students will analyze how biological traits are
  passed on to successive generations.
• e. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction
  and asexual reproduction in different situations.
  
• Students will derive the relationship between
  single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the
  increasing complexity of systems.
• a. Explain the cycling of energy through the
  processes of photosynthesis and respiration.
• b. Compare how structures and function vary
  between the six kingdoms (archaebacteria,
  eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals).

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Unit Goals (as they relate to plants)

• Students will assess the dependence of all
  organisms on one another and the flow of energy
  and matter within their ecosystems.
• e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms,
  to the ability to survive stressful environmental
  conditions.
• Students will evaluate the role of natural
  selection in the development of the theory of
  evolution.
• d. Relate natural selection to changes in
  organisms.

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Kingdom Plantae Characteristics
b. Compare how structures and function vary
between the six kingdoms (archaebacteria,
eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals).

• are multicellular.
• are eukaryotes.
• are autotrophic.
• photosynthesize.
• have cellulose cell walls.
• can reproduce sexually asexually have tissues
  that have been organized into organs and organ
  systems.

Plants
Organisms are grouped into kingdoms based on
genetic and anatomic similarities.
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Brief History of Plants
d. Relate natural selection to changes in
organisms.
Green algae are believed to be the ancestors of
modern plants
The invasion of land by plants probably occurred
about 450 million years ago

• First land plants were small mosses and ferns
  that had to live near water.

Plants slowly began to adapt to life on land, and
spread to all biomes and climates. -----Adapting
to different environment.
We are going to look at adaptation that plant
have to help them survive in different
environments.
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Minerals
Sunlight
What plants need to live
Gas Exchange
Water
For Photosynthesis
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What plants need how they obtain it.
Overview

• Plants are called autotrophs, meaning
  self-feeding.
• They make Glucose (a carbohydrate) from sunlight
  energy.
• Need
• Energy
• Carbon Dioxide
• Water
• Other minerals

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6CO2 6H2O energy from sunlight ? C6H12O6 6O2

• Intake of Energy.

Energy is needed by all organisms to carry out
processes
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Photosynthesis
6CO2 6H2O energy from sunlight ? C6H12O6 6O2

• Plants are Autotrophs
• This trapped energy is used to convert the
  inorganic raw materials CO2 and H2O to
  carbohydrates and O2.
• The key to this process is the pigment
  chlorophyll.

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Chloroplasts

1. Explain the role of cell organelles for both
   prokaryotic eukaryotic cells, including the
   cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and
   cell reproduction.
2. b. Compare how structures and function vary
   between the six kingdoms (archaebacteria,
   eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals).

• Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts

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How is energy cycled through the processes of
photosynthesis and respiration?

• Explain the cycling of energy through the
  processes of photosynthesis and respiration.

• Autotrophs store energy in glucose.
• Heterotrophs eat autotrophs, and use the glucose
  for energy to carry out all of life's processes.

Sunlight energy
Autotrophs (photosynthesis)
Heterotrophs (Respiration)
Flow of energy in the environment.
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6CO2 6H2O energy from sunlight ? C6H12O6 6O2

• Intake of Carbon Dioxide

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Leaves

• CO2 enters through the pores in the leaves called
  stomata.
• Adaptation
• Some leaves have a waxy coating to prevent water
  loss.
• Bark on stems helps to insulate the tissues.

Stomata
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6CO2 6H2O energy from sunlight ? C6H12O6 6O2
d. Explain the impact of water on life processes
(i.e., osmosis, diffusion).

• Uptake and Movement of water

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Water diffuses into the roots. -Osmosis? High to
low
H2O
H2O
H2O
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Transpiration
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Evaporation of water from the leaves

• Adaptations
• Close stomata during the hottest part of the day
  to prevent water loss.

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Water Storage
e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms,
to the ability to survive stressful environmental
conditions.
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• Cacti have modified stems and leaves for storing
  water.
• Helps them to survive dry conditions.

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Roots stems aremodified in many plants into
storage organs in order to survive through winter
underground.
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Food Storage
e. Relate plant adaptations to the ability to
survive stressful environmental conditions
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Tulips, daffodils, potatoes, carrots, onions,
garlic.
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• e. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction
  and asexual reproduction in different situations.
  
• e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms,
  to the ability to survive stressful environmental
  conditions.

• Reproduction

Sexual vs. Asexual -Sexual allows for the mixing
of genes- increasing genetic variation -Asexual
allows for reproduction when there is no other
option- NO increase in genetic variation
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Sexual Reproductionallows for the mixing of
genes- increasing genetic variation

• Sperm fuses with an egg
• Some plants have flowers.
• Animal pollination
• Some plants have cones.
• Wind pollinated
• Some have neither. (Ferns mosses).
• Must live near water. Sperm must swim to egg.

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Not all plants have flowers

• Seeds produced in cones

Sexual reproduction
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Flowers are unique reproductive organs that
produce seeds surrounded by a fruit.
Flowers attract pollinators. Helps insure
pollination
Female
Male
Pollination -transfer of pollen Pollen Sperm
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Seeds are produced after pollination
fertilization. -A seed is the baby plant.

• Seeds provide a small food supply
• Protects
• Aids in dispersal

the sprouting of a seed is called germination.
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Adaptations/ Advantages
Seeds can tolerate unfavorable conditions by
becoming dormant. When conditions become
favorable, the seed sprouts into a new plant.
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Seeds can be dispersed by wind, water and animals.
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Not all plants have seeds.
Some produce Spores-specialized structures that
can grow directly into a new plant
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• Many flowers that depend on insects for
  pollination are brightly colored and fragrant, to
  draw attention to them

Seeds, pollen, flowers, fruit are adaptations
that allow some plants to survive in a wide
variety of environments.

• Flowers can be pollinated in a number of ways, by
  the wind, insects, birds, animals, even bats.

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Tropisms

• e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms,
  to the ability to survive stressful environmental
  conditions.

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Tropism a plants response to their
environment 1- Gravitropism (Geotropism)a
plants response to gravity 2-
Phototropism a plants response to light 3-
Thigmotropism a plants response to
touch
Characteristic of living things -Plants can
respond to their environment
Cool Fact Oldest living trees Bristle Cone
pines
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• Geotropism/Gravitropism
• the response of seedlings to the force of
  gravity.
• important when seeds are sprouting.

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• causes the roots to grow downward and the stems
  to grow upward, no matter what the position of
  the seed may be when it is planted.

Geotropism/Gravitropism
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Phototropism
tropism Clips

• The ability of the plant to respond to light.
• If a plant is placed near a window or another
  light source, the plant will grow in the
  direction of the light source.
• A phototropic response can happen so quickly that
  even a seedling will respond within a few hours.

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Phototropism
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tropism Clips
Thigmotropism

• The response of a plant to touch.
• Climbing plants, ivy, and vines use thigmotropism
  in order to find their way up or around a solid
  object for support.

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Can plants defend themselves?
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• Mechanical defense -incorporated into the
  physical structure of the organism.
• thorns, spines and stiff hairs that repel a
  predator.
• Chemical defense - occurs when the plant produces
  stinging sensations, paralysis, poisoning, or
  just a bad taste.
• Chemical compounds that taste bad, while others
  contain sap that is an irritant or poison
• Camouflage
• the organism blends into its environment or
  appear to be something they are not

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Land Adaptations
Green algae are believed to be the ancestors of
modern plants

• To move from the water to land, plants had to
  adapt
• systems that would support their weight
• provide transport of water and nutrients
• protection from drying out,
• and insulation from the sun and temperature
  changes.

invasion of land by plants probably occurred
about 450 million years ago
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Plant Adaptations Review
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Plant Adaptations- A Review

• Seeds go dormant
• Modified roots and stems are places for storage
• Ex Cacti, potatoes, carrots
• Dropping of leaves in winter.
• Waxy coating on leaves (Cuticle- made of
  Cutin-Lipid)
• Bark on trees- helping to insulate the tissues
  inside
• The branches of the conifers are flexible,
  allowing for them to bend instead of break under
  the weight of ice and snow.

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Plant Adaptations- A Review

• Pollinated in a number of ways wind, insects,
  birds, animals.
• Maple trees produce seeds that are shaped like a
  wing. They have the nickname of helicopters.
• carried over long distances by the wind.
• Some plants produce seeds that have hooks or
  barbs on them that attach to the fur of passing
  animals. These have the nickname of
  hitchhikers.
• Many flowers that depend on insects for
  pollination are brightly colored and fragrant, to
  draw attention to them.
• Pollen will rub off on the insect and they will
  carry it to another flower. The coconuts from
  palm trees float. They will travel from one beach
  to the next or even from one island to another.

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• EOCT
• Questions

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One main difference between members of the
Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia is the ability to A
obtain energy B reproduce C move D exchange gases
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What characteristics of some pine trees allows
the species to survive disasters? A modified
leaves form needle bundles B seeds that
germinate after fires C pollen that is easily
carried by wind D bark that is lightly colored
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• Plants that live in the rainforest have many
  adaptations to their environment. Some plants
  such as vines have adaptations which allow them
  to attach themselves to the trunks of trees.
  These adaptations allow vines to successfully
  compete for which of the following limiting
  resources in the rainforest?
• A sunlight
• B water
• C carbon dioxide
• D oxygen

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