Intelligence

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Intelligence
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(No Transcript)
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What is intelligence?

• Varies by culture
• Western cultures focus on cognitive tasks
• Test performance is influenced by cultural
  experiences

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Is your IQ from nature or nurture?

• IQ and genetic effects (Genetics effects IQ)

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IQ partly based on heredity

• Identical twins reared separately have more
  similar IQ than fraternal twins reared together.

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Is your IQ nature or nurture?

• IQ and birth parents (Childrearing effects IQ)

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Is your IQ one general ability or several
specific abilities?

• Factor analysis
• Used to determine if intelligence is one or a
  cluster of traits
• Clusters verbal, mathematical, spatial,
  reasoning abilities
• General intelligence
• Spearmans G factor
• A general capacity that underlies all specific
  mental abilities

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What types of intelligence are there?

• Emotional
• Cognitive
• Unique

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What is emotional intelligence?

• Ability to express, understand, and process
  emotions
• Being very empathic

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What is cognitive intelligence?

• Math
• Reading comprehension

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What is unique intelligence?

• Savant Syndrome
• Incredible ability in one area
• Numbers, drawing, music, memory

Savants are often autistic or have other
developmental disability with a very unusual
talent in one area.
Stephen Wiltshire The Human Camera Drawn
after one heliocopter ride over New York
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Do you remember?

• How does culture effect IQ scores?
• How do we know IQ is partly based on heredity?
• What is emotional intelligence?
• What is cognitive intelligence?
• What is the savant syndrome?

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How did intelligence testing begin?

• Originally designed to measure cognitive aptitude
• Alfred Benet
• Predicted school achievement with mental age
• Eg. A 9 year old child has a mental age of 9
• Lewis Terman (From Stanford University)
• Created the American revision of Binets original
  intelligence test
• Developed the Stanford-Binet IQ test

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What is the intelligence Quotient (IQ)?

• Mental age divided by chronological age X 100
• E.g. 15 divided by 15 X 100 100
• 10 divided by 8 X 100 125
• Worked well for children but not adults
• Todays IQ tests compare the persons performance
  to others of his own age (100 is average)

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What standard intelligence tests are there?

• WAIS
• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
• WISC
• Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

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Other tests

• Achievement tests - Measure what has been learned
• Calculus test
• Aptitude tests - Predicting ability
• A test of your capacity to learn
• College entrance exams ( SAT GRE exams)

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Do you remember?

• How do you calculate IQ based on the older
  method?
• What was the problem with this method?
• What is the difference between achievement tests
  and aptitude tests?

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What should you look for when creating tests?

• Validity
• Reliability
• Standardization

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What is validity?

• Measuring what it is supposed to measure
• Content validity
• College exams
• Drivers license exam
• Criterion validity
• Test compared to criterion group
• (e.g. depressed patients)
• Predictive Validity
• SAT GRE exams

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What is reliability?

• Consistent results
• Internal consistency
• Odd v.s. even questions

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What is standardization?

• Scores relative to a pre-tested group
• Based on a bell shaped normal curve
• Ave. a score of intelligence test 100

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Do you remember?

• If a test has validity, what does that mean?
• If a test has reliability, what does that mean?
• Discuss the three types of validity?
• What is standardization, and how did that change
  the meaning of IQ?
• What is the concept of the normal bell curve that
  IQ is based on?

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