There

1
The Story of Tenochtitlan

• Theres actually a lot more to the story, but
  there many be no cooler word than Tenochtitlan
• Chapter 14 Notes part I

2
I Want It AllOr At Least MostOr More Than We
Currently HavePlease?

• For nearly 1000 years the Crusades were the only
  attempt made by Catholic Europe to expand outside
  of their empire
• Europeans may have known of the other worlds
  but were not willing to try and gain additional
  land holdings
• The derivation of European journey by sea was
  through the daring Italian explorer (and awful 9
  year old swimming pool game) Marco Polo (yes,
  thats why its named that)
• Economics plays a large role in European journey
  because, of course it does
• During the Renaissance, merchants, adventurers,
  and government officials had high hopes of
  finding new areas of trade, especially more
  direct access to the spices of the East (also
  gold and other precious metals)
• The summarized message for expansion God,
  glory, and gold!

3
God

• The Portuguese and Spanish were especially driven
  by a crusading mentality since the Muslims had
  largely been driven out in the Middle Ages
• Prince Henry the Navigator was motivated by his
  great desire to make increase in the faith of our
  Lord Jesus Christ and to bring him all the souls
  that should be saved
• The religious motive was likely secondary to
  economic motives
• Explorers and conquistadors alike were virulent
  in their desire to conform the heathens to
  Catholicism

4
This Is How We Do

• How do you get to a place? Plug it into your GPS
• Christopher Columbus, Hernan Cortes, and even
  Marco Polo all had state of the art global
  positioning systemsthey were called maps
• The first useful map-like thing was called the
  portolani made by medieval navigators and
  mathematicians in the 13th and 14th centuries
• There were details of coastal contours, distances
  between ports, and compass readings
• They were valuable for short voyages in European
  waters, but not as valuable for longer treks
  because they were drawn on a flat scale and took
  no account for the curvature of the earth
• By the end of the 15th century, cartography was
  good enough to fairly accurately possess maps of
  most of the world
• Ptolemys world map, the Geography showed the
  world as spherical with three major landmasses
  (Europe, Asia, and Africa) and only two oceans
• This is why Columbus and others thought you could
  sail west to reach Asia
• Knowledge of the winds of the Atlantic Ocean
  helped voyages to America and returning back to
  Western Europe

5
Portugal Actually Mattered Once?

• Yea, it really did. They had boats and
  everything.
• Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) first
  allowed Portuguese explorers to scout the coast
  of Africa to find a Christian kingdom as an ally
  against the Muslims, spreading Christianity, and
  acquiring trade opportunities for Portugal
• In 1441, Portuguese sailors brought back the
  first cargo of black Africans from the Senegal
  River, north of Cape Verde that were sold as
  slaves to wealthy buyers throughout Europe
• Within a few years, an estimated 1,000 slaves
  were shipped annually from there back to Lisbon
• As time moved forward, the Portuguese moved down
  the coast, found gold (in what became known as
  the gold coast), traded gold, ivory, and slaves
  with Bakongo in Central Africa
• The Portuguese leased land from local rulers and
  built stone forts along the coast

6
Portugal Actually Mattered Once?

• In 1488, Bartholomeu Dias went around the Cape of
  Good Hope due to westerly winds but came back due
  to fear of a mutiny
• In 1498, Vasco de Gama rounded the cape and
  stopped at several ports controlled by Muslim
  merchants on the coast of East Africa
• Then De Gama reached southwestern India at
  Calicut on May 18, 1498 and announced he came in
  search of Christians and spices
• He found no Christians but got lots of spice,
  specifically ginger and cinnamon, which turned a
  several thousand profit
• The Portuguese continued to return, trying to
  destroy Arab shipping and establish a monopoly in
  the spice tradethe more they came back, the
  stronger and more heavily armed their fleet was
• The Portuguese would raid Arab shippers despite
  trading with Indian merchants

7
Is Blood a Spice?

• In May 1511, Afonso de Albuquerque sailed into
  the harbor of Malacca on the Malay peninsula, a
  thriving Muslim-run port
• Albuquerque attacked, trying to destroy the Arab
  spice trade and provide the Portuguese with a way
  station on the route to the Moluccas (also known
  as the Spice Islands)
• After a short, bloody battle, the Portuguese
  seized the city and massacred the local Arab
  population
• This meant warand Albuquerque meant business
• To enhance the terror of his name he
  Albuquerque always separated Arabs from the
  other inhabitants of a captured city, and cut off
  the right hand of the men, and the noses and ears
  of the women
• Ouch.
• These victories allowed the Portuguese to
  continue east to China and the Spice Islands
• Despite controlling most of the land and ending
  the Arab-driven spice trade, the only trading
  posts for them were on the coasts of India and
  China
• The Portuguese lacked the power, population, and
  desire to colonize the Asian regions

8
En Espanol?

• The dueling case of Columbus was he an
  international superstar who found a new land or a
  murderous, unethical villain who stopped at
  nothing to get what he wanted?
• Answer Yes
• Columbus thought he could sail west to find Asia
  because he believed the circumference of the
  earth was less than contemporaries believed and
  that Asia was larger than people thought
• Therefore he sailed west, and Nina, Pinta, Santa
  Maria, blah, blah, blahweve heard that story
  before
• After a month and a half voyage, Columbus landed
  in October 12, 1492 Bahamas ? Cuba ? Hispanola
  (Haiti and D.R.)
• Columbus thought he had reached Asia and reported
  as such back to Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand
  and assured them hed find gold and be able to
  convert the natives to Christianity
• Eventually, through 4 voyages, Columbus had
  reached all major islands of the Caribbean and
  the mainland of Central America, convinced he had
  reached the Indies in Asia

9
Columbus is Not Right

• Columbus continues to believe hes reached the
  Indies, but others know better
• John Cabot found the New England coastline of the
  Americas through a British license from King
  Henry VII
• Pedro Cabral accidentally found the South
  American continent in 1500
• Amerigo Vespucci took several voyages and wrote a
  series of letters describing the geography of the
  New World (hence the name America)
• Vasco Nunez de Balboa led an expedition across
  the Isthmus of Panama and reached the Pacific
  Ocean by 1513
• Ferdinand Magellan sailed through the Magellan
  strait at the southern tip of South America,
  across the Pacific Ocean, to the Philippines in
  1519
• I hope he liked the triphe was killed by natives
  there
• Magellan is still given credit for the first
  circumnavigation of the earth since one of his
  five ships made it back, albeit without him

10
A Whole New World

• A dazzling place I never knew
• That may or may not have been what the new world
  looked like to los conquistadoresat least
  without the corpses

11
Your Turn!