WHI.04: India, China, and Persia

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WHI.04 India, China, and Persia
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Objectives
p. 043

• WHI.4 The student will demonstrate knowledge of
  the civilizations of Persia, India, and China in
  terms of chronology, geography, social
  structures, government, economy, religion, and
  contributions to later civilizations by
• describing Persia, with emphasis on the
  development of an imperial bureaucracy
• describing India, with emphasis on the Aryan
  migrations and the caste system
• describing the origins, beliefs, traditions,
  customs, and spread of Hinduism
• describing the origins, beliefs, traditions,
  customs, and spread of Buddhism
• describing China, with emphasis on the
  development of an empire and the construction of
  the Great Wall
• describing the impact of Confucianism, Taoism,
  and Buddhism.

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Essential Understandings
p. 044

1. Classical Indian civilization began in the Indus
   River Valley and spread to the Ganges River
   Valley, then through the Indian subcontinent. It
   continued with little interruption because of its
   geographic location.
2. The Indo-Aryan people migrated into the area,
   creating a structured society (caste system) and
   blended their beliefs with those of the
   indigenous people.
3. During the Golden Age of classical Indian
   culture, Indian people made significant
   contributions to world civilization.
4. Hinduism was an important contribution of
   classical India.
5. Hinduism influenced Indian society and culture
   and is still practiced in India today.
6. Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama in a
   part of India that is in present-day Nepal.
7. Buddhism became a major faith when Asoka sent
   missionaries throughout Asia.
8. Classical China was centered on the Huang He
   (Yellow River) and was geographically isolated.
   Invaders entered China from the North. The Great
   Wall was built for Chinas protection.
9. Chinese culture began around 1500 B.C. (B.C.E).
   Of Chinese contributions to civilization,
   Confucianism and Taoism are among the most noted.
10. Built on earlier Central Asian and Mesopotamian
    civilizations, Persia developed the largest
    empire in the world.

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Essential Questions
p. 044

1. Why were physical geography and location
   important to the development of Indian
   civilization?
2. What impact did the Aryans have on India?
3. Why was the caste system central to Indian
   culture?
4. What were the accomplishments of the Mauryan and
   Gupta empires?
5. What are the beliefs of the Hindu religion?
6. How did Hinduism influence Indian society and
   culture?
7. What are the beliefs of Buddhism?
8. How did Buddhism spread?
9. Why was the Great Wall of China built?
10. What were contributions of classical China to
    world civilization?
11. Why were Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism
    important in the formation of Chinese culture?
12. How did Persia govern its empire?

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Why Do I Need To Know This?
p. 044

1. Almost one fifth of the worlds people today
   practice Hinduism and Buddhism.
2. The diversity of peoples, cultures, beliefs, and
   languages in India continues to pose challenges
   to Indian unity today.
3. The people, events, and ideas that shaped Chinas
   early history continue to influence Chinas role
   in todays world.
4. The pattern of a strong central government has
   remained a permanent part of Chinese life.
5. Tolerance and wise government are characteristics
   of the most successful methods of rule.

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India
p. 45-49
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Aryan Invaders Transform India
p. 045
1. the Aryans were tall light skinned
Indo-European warriors who invaded and
conquered India about 1500 B.C. a. invaded
India through the Khyber Pass in the Hindu Kush
mountains 2. had no writing system and counted
their worth in cows
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India
9
Aryan Invasion
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Aryans
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The Caste System
p. 045
1. Brahmins priests 2. Kshatriyas rulers
and warriors 3. Vaishyas peasants and
traders 4. Shudras laborers 5. Dalits the
untouchables actually lived outside the caste
system 6. people were born into their caste for
life (could not move between castes)
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Aryan Caste System
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Untouchables
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Hinduism
p. 045
Origins/Writings 1. cannot be tracked down to
one founder with a single set of ideas 2. most
religious writings are collected in the Vedas and
Upanishads 3. Hindus see religion as a way of
liberating the soul from illusions,
disappointments, and mistakes of everyday
existence
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Hinduism
p. 045

• Basic Beliefs
• Moksha a state of perfect understanding of all
  things ultimate liberation of the soul
• Reincarnation rebirth of the soul or spirit
  over and over again) until moksha is achieved
• Karma (good or bad deeds) follows from one
  reincarnation to another and determines specific
  life circumstances
• Dharma the duties of your class
• These ideas strengthened the idea of the caste
  system

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Hinduism
p. 045

• Deity/Deities
• 1. The Brahman was sometimes seen as having
  three personalities
• a. Brahma the creator
• b. Vishnu the protector
• c. Shiva the destroyer
• Hindus are free to choose the deity they worship,
  or even none at all

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Brahma
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Vishnu
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Shiva
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Caste System Activity
Jordan Vermillion

• Expectations and Duty
• Please keep your hands to yourselves
  (especially male and female)
• Keep voices limited to a whisper
• No arguing over outcome (best two out of 3)
• Not doing your duty means bad karma
• Any unacceptable behavior will make you an
  untouchable.

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Jainism
p. 047
1. believe that everything in the universe has a
soul and should not be harmed
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Buddhism
p. 047
Origin 1. founded by Siddhartha
Gautama 2. achieved enlightenment after fasting
and meditating under a fig tree for 49
days 3. became known as the Buddha the
enlightened one
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Buddhism
p. 047

• Four Noble Truths
• first everything in life is suffering and
  sorrow
• second the cause of all suffering is peoples
  selfish desire for the temporary pleasures of
  this world
• third the way to end all suffering is to end
  desires
• fourth the way to overcome such desires and
  attain enlightenment is to follow the Eightfold
  Path
• 1)Right View, 2) Right Intention,
• 3) Right Speech, 4) Right Action,
• 5) Right Livelihood, 6)Right Effort,
• 7) Right Mindfulness, 8) Right Concentration

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Buddhism
p. 047
Nirvana the Buddhas word for release from
selfishness and pain
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Buddhism
p. 047

• Buddhism compared to Hinduism
• Accepted the Hindu ideas of reincarnation and
  karma
• Rejected the many gods of Hinduism actually
  forbade people to worship a deity
• Rejected the caste system
• The final goals of moksha and nirvana are similar
• 8. Buddhist missionaries went to Sri Lanka,
  Southeast Asia and China
• 9. Buddhism never(p.66) gained a significant
  foothold in India

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Buddhism
p. 047

• Location
• Buddhist missionaries went to Sri Lanka,
  Southeast Asia and China
• Buddhism never gained a significant foothold in
  India

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Buddhism
p. 047
Different Sects Mahayana this group began to
teach that Buddha was a god a. they made
Buddhism a religion that offered salvation to all
and allowed worship Theravada held to the
Buddhas stricter, original teachings a. a
religion that emphasized individual discipline
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Mahayana Buddha
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Theravada Buddhism
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Theravada Buddhism
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Mauryan Empire (321-185 BC)
p. 049

• Founder Chandragupta Maurya
• united north India for the first time
• created a highly bureaucratic government to hold
  his vast empire together

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Mauryan Empire (321-185 BC)
p. 049

• Asoka Maurya (Ashoka)
• brought the Mauryan Empire to its greatest
  heights
• Was Buddhist, but urged religious toleration to
  Hindus
• Spread Buddhism to China
• 4. built extensive roads so he could visit the
  far corners of India
• 5. also built free hospitals and veterinary
  clinics
• 6. Asokas death brought the end of the Mauryan
  Empire and India fell into turmoil

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Asoka Maurya
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Gupta Empire (320-550 AD)
p. 049

• Founder
• Chandra Gupta I (not the same as Chandragupta
  Maurya)
• majority of villagers were farmers

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Gupta Empire (320-550 AD)
p. 049

• Astronomy, Mathematics, and Medicine
• expansion of trade caused an increase in the
  knowledge of astronomy
• began to use a calendar based on the cycles of
  the moon, adopted a seven-day week, and divided
  the day into hours
• proved the earth was round by observing a lunar
  eclipse
• modern numbers, the zero, and the decimal(p. 178)
  system were invented in India
• calculated the value of pi to four decimal places
  3.1415
• compiled two important medical guides that
  classified more than 1,000 diseases and more than
  500 medical plants
• learned how to perform surgery (including plastic
  surgery) and possibly gave inoculations

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Pi
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The Spread of Indian TradeGupta Empire (320-550
AD)
p. 049

1. valuable items of exchange (trade) spices,
   diamonds, sapphires, gold, and pearls
2. caravan routes that crisscrossed central Asia
   were known as Silk Roads
3. traders used coastal routes around the rim of the
   Arabian Sea and up the Persian Gulf to bring
   goods to Rome
4. increased trade led to the rise of banking in
   India
5. traders spread religions to regions

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Silk Road
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China
p. 51-55
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Warring States Period(475-221 BC)
p. 051
1. Dynasties discussed so far a. Xia
(2100-1600 BC) b. Shang (1600-1046
BC) c. Zhou (1045-256 BC) 2. The warring
states period took place during the last two
centuries of the Zhou Dynasty a. a time
period when seven powerful states were fighting
for control of all of China
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Warring States Period(475-221 BC)
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Confucius(Warring States Period)
p. 051
Key to social harmony and good government 1. Chin
a if society was organized around five basic
relationships 1) ruler and subject, 2) father
and son, 3) husband and wife, 4) older brother
and younger brother, and 5) friend and friend
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Confucius(Warring States Period)
p. 051
Filial piety respect for parents and
elders 1. his students collected his words in a
book called the Analects
Confucius on Respect Respect yourself and
others will respect you Honesty Virtue is
more to man than either water or fire. I have
seen men die from treading on water and fire, but
I have never seen a man die from treading the
course of virtue. Effort It does not matter
how slowly you go so long as you do not
stop History Study the past if you would
define the future
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Confucius(Warring States Period)
p. 051

• Government
• bureaucracy a trained civil service, or those
  who run the government
• stressed education as a way for career
  advancement in the bureaucracy

Less than 9th Grade 9th -12th grade High school completion Some College, no degree Associate's Degree Bacelor's Degree Master's Degree Doctorate
Men 27,964 33,435 43,165 50,359 54,861 82,197 99,516 129,773
Women 21,346 21,937 31,533 35,888 39,948 54,204 65,039 83,762
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Daoism(Warring States Period)
p. 051

• Founder Laozi
• Key to social harmony
• Natural order was more important than the social
  order
• human beings should live simply and in harmony
  with nature

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Legalism(Warring States Period)
p. 051

• Founders Hanfeizi and Li Si
• Keys to Social Harmony and Good Goverment
• believed a highly efficient and powerful
  government is the key to social order
• punishment over rewards
• rulers should burn all writings that might
  encourage people to think critically about
  government

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Yin and Yang(Warring States Period)
p. 051

• 1. represent the natural rhythms of life the
  two opposing forces of nature
• 2. yin cool, dark, female and submissive
• yang warm, light, male and aggressive
• Symbol is often used for Daoism

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World History I
Mr. Newman Coach Curtis

• Closing Activity
• DIRECTIONS On page 59, in the third row, answer
  the following questions in complete sentences
• According to Hinduism and Buddhism, what is the
  reality of suffering, and how can a person end
  suffering?
• .

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Qin Dynasty(221-206 BC)
p. 053

• Government
• the first ruler was Shi Huangdi, a Legalist (the
  first emperor of a united China)
• autocracy a government in which the ruler has
  unlimited power and uses it in an arbitrary
  manner
• commanded all the noble families to live at the
  capital city
• a. seized their land and carved China up into
  36 administrative districts
• 4. murdered hundreds of Confucian scholars and
  ordered useless books burned

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Warring States Period(475-221 BC)
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Qin Dynasty(221-206 BC)
p. 053

• Accomplishments
• build a highway network of over 4,000 miles
• set uniform standards for Chinese writing
• built/connected the Great Wall of China(p. 100)
  to defend against attacks by nomadic invaders
• a. 1,400 miles long, built along the tops of
  hills and mountains

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Great Wall from Space
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Han Dynasty(206 BC-220 AD)
p. 053

• Important Leaders
• Wudi brought the Han Dynasty to its height in
  power
• established a centralized government

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Han Dynasty(206 BC-220 AD)
p. 053

• Civil Service System
• Series of exams to pass in order to work for the
  government
• worked so well it continued in China until 191
• highly valued all Confucian teachings

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Han Dynasty(206 BC-220 AD)
p. 053

• Accomplishments/Trade items
• paper was invented in 105 AD
• established the Silk Road which linked China to
  Rome, Europe and the Middle East
• traded silk, paper and porcelain for gold,
  glassware and wool
• to unify the empire, the Chinese government
  encouraged assimilation, or the process of making
  conquered peoples part of the Chinese culture

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Silk Road
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Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD) Song Dynasty(960-1279
AD)
An Era of Chinese Prosperity
p. 053

• Science and Technology
• Period of intense growth
• with movable type, a printer could arrange blocks
  of individual characters in a frame to make up a
  page for printing
• the development of gunpowder led to the creation
  of explosive weapons such as bombs, grenades,
  small rockets and cannons
• other important inventions included porcelain,
  the mechanical clock, paper money, and the use of
  the magnetic compass

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Movable Type
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Gunpowder
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Porcelain and Compass
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Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD) Song Dynasty(960-1279
AD)
An Era of Chinese Prosperity
p. 055
Agriculture 1. in about the year 1000, China
imported a fast ripening rice that allowed
farmers to harvest two rice crops, rather than
one
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Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD) Song Dynasty(960-1279
AD)
An Era of Chinese Prosperity
p. 055

• Trade and Foreign Contacts
• Tang imperial armies guarded the Silk Road
• During the Song period, China developed into the
  greatest sea power in the world
• one major cultural export was Buddhism (their
  religion)
• the Chinese became avid tea drinkers and producers

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Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD) Song Dynasty(960-1279
AD)
An Era of Chinese Prosperity
p. 055

• The Golden Age of Art
• the Tang produced great poetry
• painting of this era shows a Daoist influence
• artists did not use bright colors black ink was
  their favorite paint

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Closing Activity

• Closing Activity
• DIRECTIONS On page 60, in the first row, answer
  the following question in complete sentences
• Please describe some of the accomplishments, and
  innovations of the Gupta empire.

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Civil Service System
p. 055
1. the most important avenue for social
advancement 2. a new larger upper class emerged,
made up scholar officials and their families
called the gentry 3. the exams were open to all
men, however only the wealthy could afford the
necessary education 4. created a remarkably
intelligent and capable governing class in China
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Chinese Women
p. 055
1. women had always been subservient to men in
Chinese society 2. upper class womens status
especially declined during the Tang and Song
periods 3. foot binding was a custom for women
that began during this time (Song Dynasty) and
lasted into the 1900s women with bound feet
were crippled for life, but reflected the wealth
and prestige of her husband
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Foot Binding
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Persia
p. 57
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Cyrus the Great
p. 057
Location of Cyruss Empire 1. Persians were
descendents of the Indo-Europeans 2. from 550 to
539 B.C., Cyrus conquered the entire Fertile
Crescent(p. 92) and most of Anatolia(p. 92)
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Cyrus the Great
p. 057

• Method of Governing
• most known for this
• he was kind towards conquered people
• a. allowed the Jews(p. 92) to return to
  Jerusalem
• Honored local customs and traditions - would
  kneel and pray at local temples instead of
  destroying them
• Conquered peoples enjoyed remarkable freedoms

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Darius the Great
p. 057

• expanded the Persian empire to include everything
  from Egypt to India (2,500 miles wide)
• his only failure was he could not conquer Greece
• Dariuss greatest genius lay in administration
• divided the empire into 20 provinces, each was
  governed by a satrap
• two other tools that helped hold the empire
  together were
• a. an excellent road system the Royal Road ran
  from Susa to Sardis (1,677 miles)
• b. the use of standard money, which helped
  promote trade

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Darius
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Religion Zoroaster(Zoroastrianism)
p. 057
Basic Beliefs 1. the world was divided between
good (truth) and evil (darkness) 2. good was led
by Ahura Mazda and bad was led by
Ahriman a. followers of Ahura Mazda would be
lifted into paradise b. followers of Ahriman
would suffer forever in a fiery pit
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Religion Zoroaster(Zoroastrianism)
p. 057
Writings 1. the holy writings of Zoroastrianism
were collected in books called the
Avesta 2. developed the ideas about heaven, hell
and a final judgment a. similar concepts in
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam