When%20Worlds%20Collide,%201492-1590

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When Worlds Collide, 1492-1590

• Out of Many Chapter 2

2
The Expansion of Europe

• How did social change in Europe contribute to
  European expansion overseas?

3
First Contact

• We all know that Columbus journey in 1492 was
  the first time European explorers landed in the
  new world
• But was it really??
• There is archeological evidence that suggests
  perhaps there were earlier encounters with the
  native people of the region, particularly in
  Newfoundland, by the Norse

4
Before Exploration European Societies

• Agricultural peasant farmers
• During the centuries preceding European
  exploration of the Americas, Europeans were
  making great advancement in farming technologies
• Water mills, iron plows, livestock harnesses,
  crop rotation
• Village people lived in households
• Labor roles based on gender
• Ladies were furnished with dowries, but usually
  left out of inheritance
• Feudalism
• Roman catholic some Jewish (fled Palestine)
• Poor diets, malnourished
• Bread porridge, seasonal veggies, and
  occasional fish/meat

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After the Plague

• The bubonic plague (Black Death) struck Europe
  during the mid 1300s
• 1/3 of western European population died
• European economy showed the ability to recover
• Commerce expanded to include trading in cereals,
  timber, minerals, salt, wine, fish, wool
• Stimulated the growth of markets towns
• By 1500, Europe had fully recovered from the
  plague
• European monarchs aligned themselves with
  merchants which ultimately gave them an
  extraordinary capacity to generate capital for
  overseas expansion

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The Crusades

• Series of great military battles sanctioned by
  the Catholic Church to try regain Palestine
• Conquest by the end of the 11th century provided
  Europeans with access to new materials/spice like
  silk, cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, pepper
• Asian civilization also provided new innovations
  that the Europeans adapted
• Compass, gunpowder, printing with movable type
• three greatest inventions known to man Francis
  Bacon

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The Renaissance

• After the Crusades, Europeans now had access to
  previously lost religious texts that had been
  conserved in Muslim libraries
• The revival of interest in classical antiquity
  sparked the period of intellectual artistic
  flowering in Europe during the 14th, 15th, 16th
  centurieswas known as the Renaissanceperiod
• Human-centered perspective
• Critical component of the spiritthat motivated
  the explorationof the Americas

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Portuguese Explorations

• Portugal was the first to send explorers off to
  distant lands
• Prince Henry, the Navigator
• Started a school with the brightest geographers
  instrument makers
• By mid-fifteenth century, they knew the world to
  be spherical
• Idea that Columbus thought the world was flat
  when he sailed on his voyage is a myth
• Created a faster better-handling ship called a
  caravel later armed it with cannons
• Portuguese explored the Atlantic coast of NW
  Africa
• Colonized the Atlantic islands of the Azures and
  the Madeiras
• 1488, Dias rounded Cape of Good Hope (South
  Africa) to find a new trading route with Indies
• 1498, Da Gama reached the Indies
• Established the Atlantic slave trade

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Columbus Reaches the Americas

• Columbus wanted to find a shorter trade route to
  the Indies by sailing west across the Atlantic
• Needed royal backing, but denied by Portuguese,
  French, English monarchs
• Said Columbus calculations were wrong
• Finally gets approval from Queen Isabel and King
  Ferdinand of Spain (Castile Aragon)
• Nation thrived on military conquest they were
  looking for new land to conquer
• Myth Queen Isabel pawned her royal jewels to
  finance the trip
• Fact Italian merchants invested in the trip
• Columbus embarked on the Enterprise of the
  Indies

10
Columbus Intentions

• Very commercial, but more than that
• Goal was to occupy settle any lands
• Wanted to claim them by right of Conquest for
  Spain
• Intentions were also very much imperial

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The Voyage

• The vessels left Spain in August 1492
• Stopped for some time in the Canary Islands
  before moving eastward
• In October, came upon theBahamas
• Explored the islands of Cuba Hispaniola before
  headingback to Spain to tell of hisdiscoveries
• Probably the most importantdiscovery that
  Columbus made wasthe clockwise motion of the
  Atlantic currents wind patterns
• He would make a total of 4 voyages to the
  Americas before his death in 1506

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The Tainos

• Tainos were the native people of theCaribbean
• Columbus brought a group of them back with him to
  Spain
• According to Columbus, they were of a very acute
  intelligence and had no iron or steel weapons
• Proposed that they could be made into slaves
• Were treated very poorly by Spaniards
• Stole food
• Abused the people
• Took women from their husbands families
• Captured and sent to be slaves in Spain (most got
  sick died)
• In 1942, there were approx. 300,000 Tainos. But,
  by the 1520s, they had effectively been
  eliminated as a people

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The Spanish in the Americas

• What factors contributed to the defeat of the
  Aztecs and Incas by European forces?

14
Spanish Invasion of the Americas

• By the early 1600s, the Spanish had created a
  huge and wealthy empire in the Americas
• First stages were very violent
• Natives did not have the same quality/strength of
  weapons as the Spanish
• Forced into labor (essentially slavery)
• Bahamas depleted of population in search of
  slaves
• Hispaniola depleted of gold resources
• Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Cuba invaded in search
  of gold
• 1511 Spanish invaded C. America
• 1517 Spanish landed in Mexico ran into the
  Aztecs
• Hernan Cortes overthrew the Aztec empire
• Superior military weapons
• Made alliances with natives who were unhappy with
  the Aztecs
• Aztecs also suffered from a smallpox epidemic

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Opposition to Violence

• Not all Europeans agreed with the treatment of
  the native peoples in the Americas
• On what authority have you waged a detestable
  war against these people, who dwelt quietly on
  their own land?
• Are these Indians not men...Are you not obliged
  to love them as you love yourselves?
• In 1500, Columbus was shackled and sent back to
  Spain as a prisoner for the way he was treating
  the natives running the colonies
• Bartolome de Las Casas
• Moral figure in early history of the Americas
• the entire human race is one
• cruelties against the natives essentially
  genocide
• Not all natives died at the hand of war
• Some died due to lack of food
• Low birthrates
• Too tired from work induced abortions killed
  their own kids
• Smallpox other diseases

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Intercontinental Exchange

• Passage of diseases
• Smallpox, influenza, plague, measles, typhus
• Precious metals
• Took artifacts from the natives melted them
  down
• Silver from Mexican Peruvian mines (used for
  coins)
• Crops/Food
• Corn potatoes miracle food that helped end
  famine in Europe
• New to Old
• Tobacco, Vanilla, Chocolate, Cotton
• Old to New
• Sugar, Rice, Coffee, Horses

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The First Europeans in N. America

• Ponce de Leon
• First to go to North America in search of more
  slaves
• Landed in Florida claimed all of the land for
  Spain
• There were many invasion attempts from the
  Spanish, however, they were typically pushed back
  by the natives
• Their presence had introduced epidemic diseases
  that depopulated undermined the natives in
  southern North America
• The Spanish were searching forCibola the city
  of gold
• When they failed to locate it, theylost all
  interest in the southwest partsof North America

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Spanish New World Empire

• By 1600s some 250,000 European immigrants had
  settled in the Americas
• Spain Portugal the primary colonizers at the
  time
• Treaty of Tordesillas
• Divided the Americas between Spain Portugal
• Spain got the better end of the deal
• Few Spanish women came to the new world, so many
  Spanish men married natives creating a mixed race
  (mestizos or mulattoes)
• Made up one of the largest empires in this
  history of the world

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Northern Explorations Encounters

• What differences were there among Spanish,
  English, and French patterns of colonization?

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Northern Explorations Encounters

• French
• Looking for NW passage to the Indies
• Found the St. Lawrence river connected them to
  Great Lakes, ultimately the OH MS rivers
• Encounters with Natives
• Woodland Indians
• More about commerce than conquest
• Indians appreciated the textiles, glass, copper,
  ironware the Europeans had to offer
• Europeans interested in furs supply depleted in
  Europe
• Somewhat uneven trades furs would sell for
  10x-20x the amount in Europe
• Spread of epidemic diseases
• Indians adapted metal knives, kettles, firearms
  to their way of life

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Northern Explorations Encounters

• English
• John Cabot, Italian sea captain
• Explored the coast of Newfoundland in 1497
• Never followed up on his explorations
• Had too many problems at home

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Protestant Reformation

• German priest Martin Luther publically proclaimed
  his differences with the Roman Catholic Church
• Declared eternal salvation a gift from God, not
  related to works/service
• Attracted followers all over NW Europe who were
  persecuted by Catholic authorities
• John Calvin developed the theory of
  predestination
• Stated that God had selected a chosen number of
  men/women for salvation, while condemning the
  rest to eternal damnation
• Huguenots, French followers of Calvin, were
  behind the first French attempts at colonization
  in the new world
• Worried the Spanish though they had no
  intentions of colonizing FL, they were fearful of
  the threat against their gold/silver routes

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16th Century England

• King Henry VIII
• Support the Catholic Church at first
• Became frustrated with the amount of land
  propertyRome held in England
• When Rome would not annul Henrys marriage
  toQueen Catherine (daughter of Isabel
  Ferdinand), hedenounced the Catholic Church
• Queen Elizabeth
• After Henrys death, her younger brother older
  sisterboth took the throne and died
• Tolerated a variety of views within the church
• Spanish monarch swore to overthrow her
• Irish Invasion
• England needed a place for all of the uprooted
  citizensthat were homeless in the major cities
• Decided to subdue Irish Catholics settle the
  homelessthere on their lands (wild Irish)

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English Claims

• In the 1570s and 1580s, under Queen Elizabeth,
  England challenged Spanish shipping in both the
  Atlantic Pacific oceans
• Sir Francis Drake
• Attacked Spanish ships
• Seized gold and silver
• Attacked Spanish settlements on the coast of Peru
• Sir Walter Raleigh
• 1587, Attempted to establish a settlement at
  Roanoke Island (off NC coast)
• Venture failed
• Both were known as sea dogs

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The Spanish Armada, 1588

• King Philip II of Spain was outraged that England
  was attempting to invade the new world
• Sent a fleet of 130 ships to invade the British
  Isles
• England chose the cloak of a storm as their
  opportunity to attack
• By defeating the large Spanish fleet, England had
  gained a reputation as a major naval power

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Conclusions

• The Spanish opened the era of European
  colonization in the Americas with Columbuss
  voyage in 1492
• By the end of the 16th century, however, they had
  not succeeded in establishing any lasting
  colonial communities.
• Left it open for other countries to colonize.

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Not So

• You are going to be divided up into 5 groups.
• As a group, either assign one person the task of
  reading, or decided to break up the reading
  amongst the group members
• Once you have finished reading the article, have
  a group discussion about your thoughts on the
  article.
• Break up into pairs (its ok if you pair up with
  someone from another group)
• As a pair, you will answer the following
  questions on a sheet of paper.

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• Discuss the following questions as they apply to
  the article
• What appears to be the authors motive or purpose
  in writing about this issue?
• Does the author take a position on the issue?
• What evidence does the author give to support his
  position? Make sure to fully describe the type
  of evidence he uses and give specific examples
  from the article.
• Facts?
• Opinions?
• Cause/Effect Relationships?
• What does the author conclude about the issue
  controversy?
• State YOUR conclusion, being sure to include the
  following
• Do you agree or disagree with the authors
  position and the evidence he offered to support
  it? Were any of the facts, opinions or
  cause/effect relationships faulty? Did his
  arguments and evidence convince you of his
  position?
• What other evidence can you cite pertaining to
  this issue (such as your textbook, other readings
  or material presented in class)? Give SPECIFIC
  examples and sources of the other evidence that
  you use to support your conclusion.