Regents Review

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Regents Review

• Topic 1 Similarities and Differences Among
  Living Organisms

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Plant vs Animal Cell
Plant

Animal Differences plant has cell wall,
chloroplast, and huge vacuole
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Organelles

• Nucleus brain, contains DNA, controls cell
• Vacuole storage, stores water, food,
• waste
• Mitochondria powerhouse, produces energy for
  cell through respiration

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Organelles

• Chloroplast food, green color, makes glucose
  for plant through photosynthesis
• Cytoplasm jelly, provides shape of cell,
  transport
• Ribosome protein, uses amino acids to make
  proteins
• Cell membrane gatekeeper, selectively
  permeable, fluid-mosaic

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Organelles

• DNA info, genetic material that codes for all
  activities of the cell (NOT AN ORGANELLE)
• Cell Wall rigid, stiff outer layer of plant
  cell, helps cell keep shape
• Lysosome recycling center, breaks down dead
  organelles and waste

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The Cell Membrane

• 1.Separates contents of cell from environ.
• 2.Control transport in and out of cell
• 3.Recognize and respond to chemical signals

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Transport

• Passive Transport transport of molecules into
  and out of the cell that does not require energy,
  molecules move from high to low concentration
• Ex. Diffusion and Osmosis
• Diffusion through the Membrane Lab

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Diffusion

• Movement of molecules from high concentration to
  low concentration
• A natural process, molecules want to spread out
• Ex. Mom baking cookies, aroma reaches you after
  a few minutesmolecules spreading naturally from
  high concentration (kitchen) to low concentration
  (living room)

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Osmosis

• Diffusion of water
• Water molecules move from high to low
  concentration

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Active Transport

• Transport of molecules from low to high
  concentration.
• Requires Energy!!! (ATP)
• Ex. Desert Plants absorbing water

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Transport
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Recognizing Signals

• How do cells receive and understand messages from
  the body?
• Proteins found in the cell membrane can receive
  chemical messages.

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Hormone

• Produced in endocrine glands.
• Chemicals responsible for communication between
  cells.
• If hormone production is slowed, stopped,
  blockedhomeostasis can be effected.

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Craig ????
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Receptor Molecule

• Proteins found in cell membranes.
• Can detect hormones, chemicals from nerve cells
  that will stimulate the cell to respond.

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Receptor Molecules
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Target Cell

• Specific type of cell that signal is supposed to
  reach.

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Endocrine System

• A series of small organs that produce the
  hormones (messengers) of the body
• Include thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary,
  thyroid, pancreas, testes, and ovaries.

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Endocrine System
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Levels of Organization

• Cell contain organelles
• Tissue groups of specialized cells
• Organs different types of tissues combined
• Organ System several organs working together
• Organism

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Levels of Org
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Single Celled Organism

• An organism that is only one cell, yet undergoes
  all of life functions.
• Organelles of single cell org are much simpler
  than organ system of a human, but capable of same
  function.
• Ex. Vacuole vs Digestive System

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Body Systems

• Endocrine sends chemical messengers (hormones)
  to body systems through blood stream (pancreas,
  ovaries/testes)
• Respiratory exchange of gasses between blood of
  circ system and the environment (lungs, nose)

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Body Systems

• Excretory removal of all waste from body cells
  (kidney, lung, sweat gland, anus)
• Nervous sends signals along nerves,
  co-ordinates movement of body (brain, spinal cord)

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Body Systems

• Immune System detect and destroy invaders found
  in the body, increases bodys immunity
• Immunity ability to resist disease

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Body Systems

• Digestive ingest, break down food, nutrients
  absorbed into blood stream (esophagus, stomach,
  intestines)
• Skeletal provide foundation for body
• Muscular contract to move bones ? body

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Body Systems

• Circulatory transport materials such as oxygen,
  waste, and nutrients throughout your body (heart,
  arteries, blood)

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Life Functions

• Respiration break down nutrients to release
  energy (mitochondria)
• Regulation responding to internal and external
  stimuli, maintaining homeostasis
• Reproduction produce more of own species

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Life Functions

• Growth increasing the size or number of cells
• Excretion removing waste
• Nutrition obtaining nutrients from environment
  and breaking them down for transport

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Life Functions

• Transport move materials throughout organism
• Circulation blood vessels are the highway of
  the human body

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Life Functions

• Synthesis TO BUILD!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
• - combining simple substances into complex
  substances
• Metabolism all chem reactions that take place
  in the cell
• Homeostasis BALANCE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
• - maintaining internal stability of organism

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Photosynthesis vs Respiration

• Photosynthesis
• Plant Cells ? Chloroplast
• H2O CO2 ? C6H12O6 O2

Sunlight Glucose
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Photosynthesis vs Respiration

• Respiration
• All cells ? mitochondria
• C6H12O6 O2 ? ATP CO2 H2O

Glucose Energy
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A Cycle!!
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Inorganic vs Organic

• Inorganic
• Do not contain both H and C
• Include salts, acids/bases, carbon dioxide,
  water, oxygen

• Organic
• Contain both H and C
• Include DNA, protein, fat, carbohydrates, enzymes

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Biochemistry

• Carbohydrates store energy (starch in plants,
  glycogen in animals)
• Simple Sugars monosaccharides (1 sugar
  molecule), glucose

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Biochemistry

• Proteins made of amino acids (coded for by
  DNA), essential in just about every process that
  occurs in an organism
• Enzymes speed up bio reactions
• Hormones chemical messengers
• Antibodies find and destroy invaders
• Antigens stimulate immune response
• Pigments different colors (chlorophyll)

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Biochemistry

• Lipids fats, essential for life (cell membranes)