Water World

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Water World
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Ocean Zones
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Coral Reef
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Tubeworms
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Freshwater Biome Zones
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Eutrophic Lake
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Oligotrophic Lake
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Rivers Streams
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Wetlands
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Estuary
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Rachel Carson

• Silent Spring
• 1962 DDT

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Biogeography
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Geographic Range
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Wide Geographic Range
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Dispersal-Actual-Potential Range
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Introduced SpeciesAfricanized Bees/Zebra Mussels
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Predator-Prey Relationships
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BiomesTemperature-Precipitation
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Biome Distribution
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Biome?
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Biome?
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Biome?
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Biome?
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Biome?
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Biome?
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Biome?
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Biome?
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Climate Lighting
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The Seasons Axis
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Global Wind Patterns
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Rain-shadow Affect
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Upwelling
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Climate Change
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Dam Distribution
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Ethology
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Behavior-Nature vs. Nurture?
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FAP Fixed Action Pattern
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Behavioral Ecology
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Song Bird VariationFitness in Mating
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Cost-Benefit Foraging Analysis
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Learned Performance BehaviorMaturation,
Habituation
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ImprintingKonrad Lorenz
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Sensitive Period
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Open-ended Learning
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Associative Learning, Classical Conditioning,
Operant Conditioning
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Play
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CognitionKinesis, Taxis, Cognitive Maps
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MigrationPiloting, Orientation, Navigation
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ConciousnessAre animals aware of themselves?
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Competition
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Antagonist Behavior
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Reconciliation Behavior
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Territorial Behavior
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Marking Territory
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Courtship BehaviorPromiscuous,
Monogamy,Polygamous,Polyandry
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Pheromones
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Bee DancesRound vs. Waggle
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AltruismDecrease in individual Fitness, Increase
in Group
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Inclusive Fitness
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Hamiltons Rule of Kin Selection The rule is as
followsrB gt CThe more closely related two
individuals are, the greater the value of
altruism.
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Sociobiology
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Population
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Clumped Disperion
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Uniform
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Random-Independent
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Demography, Life Table, Cohort
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Surviorship CurvesI Low Death EarlyII
EqualIII. High Death Early
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Semelparity-Big BangIteroparity-Constant
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Mortality Rates-Reproduction
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Population Change

• Using mathematical notation we can express this
  relationship as follows
• If N represents population size, and t represents
  time, then ?N is the change is population size
  and ?t represents the change in time, then
• ?N/?t B-D
• Where B is the number of births and D is the
  number of deaths

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Population Change

• We can simplify the equation and use r to
  represent the difference in per capita birth and
  death rates.
• ?N/?t rN OR dN/dt rN
• If B D then there is zero population growth
  (ZPG).
• Under ideal conditions, a population grows
  rapidly.
• Exponential population growth is said to be
  happening
• Under these conditions, we may assume the maximum
  growth rate for the population (rmax) to give us
  the following exponential growth
• dN/dt rmaxN

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Exponential Growth
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Logistic Growth

• Typically, unlimited resources are rare.
• Population growth is therefore regulated by
  carrying capacity (K), which is the maximum
  stable population size a particular environment
  can support.

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Logistic Growth

• The logistic growth equation
• We can modify our model of population growth to
  incorporate changes in growth rate as population
  size reaches a carrying capacity.
• The logistic population growth model incorporates
  the effect of population density on the rate of
  increase.

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Carrying Capacity
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Growth Curves
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Logistic Growth
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K-R Life Histories

• In K-selection, organisms live and reproduce
  around K, and are sensitive to population
  density.
• In r-selection, organisms exhibit high rates of
  reproduction and occur in variable environments
  in which population densities fluctuate well
  below K.

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Density Dependence-Independence
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Resource Limitations-Reproduction Rates
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Interspecific Relationships
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Demographic Transition
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The Plague
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Age Structure
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Human Population

• Predictions of the human population vary from 7.3
  to 10.7 billion people by the year 2050.
• Will the earth be overpopulated by this time?

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Ecological Footprint

• Six types of ecologically productive areas are
  distinguished in calculating the ecological
  footprint
• Land suitable for crops.
• Pasture.
• Forest.
• Ocean.
• Built-up land.
• Fossil energy land.

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Ecological Footprint
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Competitive Exclusion Principle
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Resource Partitioning
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Character Displacement-Sympatric Species
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Cryptic Coloration
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Aposematic ColorationWarning
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Batesian MimicryHarmless Depicts Harmful
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Mullerian MimicryResemblance
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Trophic Structure
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Food Webs
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Biomass-Keystone Species
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Phosphorus Cycle
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Succession
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Secondary Succession
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Secondary Succession
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