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Soviet Development Continued Slides for
October 31, 20123
GEOG 433
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No. 11 12 - First 5-yr plan
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No 19 20 - Collective and State Farms
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No. 21 22 Output targets 1928-1942
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Table 2.1 Selected indicators for the first
second 5-year plans (1928-1937)
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Fig 2.2 Major regional economic developments,
1920s to 1950s.
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Ferrous Metallurgy
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KMA - open pit FE-ore mine
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Territorial planning units

• 13 major economic regions for planning,
  subordinate set for industry and agric.
• Major regions had no separate planning
  institutions - spatial data collecting units
• 1957 Krushchev most ministries abolished, 105
  sovnarkhozy established
• 90 of 105 coincided with preexisting political
  administrative divisions

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Fig 12.1 Major Economic Regions 1940-1960 (Symons)
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Fig. 12.2 Sovnarkhozy regions 1957 (Symons)
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Fig. 12.3 Industrial Management Regions (1963)
(Symons)
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Fig. 12.5 Major Economic Regions USSR (Symons)
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Fig. 12.5 Major Economic Regions USSR (Symons)
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Table 2.2 Average growth rates in the post-Stalin
period
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Table 2.3 Alternative estimates of average annual
economic growth rates, 1951-1985
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Table 2.4 Labor force structure of west and
eastern Europe, 1955-1985 (in )
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Table 3.1 FSU republics key territorial
economic indicators
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Table 4.1 Ave. Annual Growth Rates of real GNP,
1953-65
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pre-Post-Soviet Reforms

• Brezhnevs dies 1982 , two short failed CPSU
  leaders, then Gorbachev elected new lead of CPSU
  in 1985, peasant from Stavropol, young, well
  educated
• Gorbachevs Perestroika (rebuilding), inherited
  deeply entrenched, dysfunctional, totalitarian
  political system, stagnant state-run economy with
  serious problems
• foreign earnings from petro-exports,
• OPEC greatly expanded oil production in 1980s
  resulting in oil dropping from 75 to less than
  20/bbl (break-even point for Soviet oil)
• Hard currency from oil used to purchase foreign
  consumer goods
• poor quality (not accurate or honest domestic
  statistics)
• late 1980s 60 of industrial output was heavy
  machinery, engines, turbines, tractors, military
  consumer goods lt30 of production

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Perestroika
Persistent problems confronting Gorbachev Lack
of variety of goods Lack of quantity Regional
disparities planners routinely
overplanned planners routinely
underplanned Lack of quality incentive
problems re produce better goods lack of
competition problems with quality control -
durability, consistency, freshness, etc.
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Leaders/Characteristics (Blinnikov, page 97)
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Timeline for Post-Soviet Reforms 1 (Blinnikov,
page 97)
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Timeline for Post-Soviet Reforms 2 (Blinnikov,
page 98)