Computer Systems Architecture

1
Computer Systems Architecture

• D. Nikolik, Ph.D
• Maastricht School of Management
• Maastricht, The Netherlands

2
Summary

• The Outline
• The Need for Frameworks and Models
• Work System Framework Principles
• Relation between Information Systems and Work
  Systems
• Principle-based System Analysis Method The Work
  System Framework
• Need for a Balanced View of a System
• Principle-Based System Analysis Method
• Computer Systems Overview
• A Computer A Complex System
• Basic Functions
• Systems Performance
• Overview of Computer Systems
• Looking Inside the Black Box or how computers
  manipulate data
• Data Input Capturing Data
• Storing and Retrieving Data
• Data Output Displaying Data
• Studying Approaches Top-down decomposing vs.
  Bottom-up building-up
• Modular Development

3
Summary (cont.)

• Brief History
• Later Generations Microprocessors (Intel)
• Client Architecture
• Server Architectures
• Computer Interconnection Structures
• Internal and External Memory
• Input / Output
• Direct Memory Access (DMA)
• Software, Programming, and AI
• Programming Viewed as a Business Process
• Four Generations of Programming Languages
• Other Major Developments in Programming
• Operating Systems
• Steps Toward Intelligent Computers
• Operating Systems Architecture
• CPU Structure Function
• Control Unit Operation
• Parallel Organizations
• Fault - Tolerance Systems

4
The Outline

• Frameworks and Models
• An Overview Introduction A Brief History
• Computer Structure Decisions
• Computer Memory Hierarchy
• Input/Output Performance
• Operating Systems - Resource Sharing
• CPU Architectural Constraints
• CPU Performance Issues
• Efficiency, Reliability and Fault-tolerance
• New Computer Architecture Trends - RISC

5
The Need for Frameworks and Models

• Viewing Businesses as Systems
• Information Systems and Work Systems
• Framework for Thinking About Any System in
  Business
• Five Perspectives for Viewing a Work System
• Analyzing an IT-Enabled System from a Business
  Professional's Viewpoint

6
Work System Framework Principles

• Businesses as Systems consisting of
• Business Processes core support,
  info/management
• within its own Added Value Chain or as
• part of a broader Supply Chain up/down-stream.
• Types of Business Processes and
• its Functional Areas of Business
  management,product development, sales
  marketing, production,accounting, finance
  investment, logistics delivery

7
Relation between Information Systems and Work
Systems

• Which "System" Are We Talking About?
• Increasing Overlap Between Information Systems
  and Business-based Work Systems

8
Principle-based System Analysis MethodThe Work
System Framework

• Customers
• Product
• Business Process
• Participants
• Information
• Technology

Source S. Alter, MIS, The foundation of
e-Business, AWL, 2002
9
Need for a Balanced View of a System

• Business Results Focus How well the System
  Operates
• People Organization Organizational,
  Competitive, and Regulatory Environment
  Surrounding the System
• Technology Information Focus System
  Components How do they Operate Together
• Infrastructure Essential Resources Shared with
  Other Systems
• Risks Foreseeable Things that Can usually Go
  Wrong

10
Principle-Based System Analysis Method

• The General Idea of Systems Analysis
• Systems Thinking system analysis steps
• Organizing the Analysis around Work System
  Principles
• Defining Problems and Computer - based Work
  Systems
• Applying PBSA to Work Systems, IS, and Projects
• Limitations and Pitfalls
• Measuring Work System Performance
• Classification Related to the Elements of a Work
  System

11
William Stallings Computer Organization and
Architecture6th Edition

• Chapter 1Introduction

12
Computer Systems Overview

• Basic Model of a Computer System
• Computer Architecture
• Computer Organisation
• Architecture vs. Organisation Dilemmaex.
  Multiplication oper. vs. Fmult. unit
• Implementation technology IBM AS/400 IBM
  System/370 vs. IBM Station/9370

13
A Computer A Complex System

• A hierarchic system is a set of interrelated
  subsystems each of the latter in turn,
  hierarchic in structure until lowest level of
  elementary subsystem.
• The hierarchic nature of complex systems is
  essential to both their design and to their
  descriptions.
• The behavior at a level depends only on a
  simplified, abstract characterization of the
  system at the level next, beneath. At each
  level the designer is concerned witha level
  functionality appropriate to its structure.

14
Basic Functions

• Data storage,
• Data processing,
• Data movement,
• Control
• System Operations

15
William Stallings Computer Organization and
Architecture 6th Edition

• Chapter 2Computer Evolution and Performance

16
Systems Performance

• Performance Variables for IT
• Bits and Bytes Technical Terms for Describing
  and Measuring Technology Operation
• Technology Performance from a Business Viewpoint
• Overview of Computer Systems
• Looking Inside the Black Box
• Data Input Capturing Data
• Storing and Retrieving Data
• Data Output Displaying Data

17
Overview of Computer Systems

• Basic Model of a Computer System
• Types of Computers Hosts and C/S
• Four Approaches to ComputingCentralized,
  Personal, Distributed, Network
• Computer System Architectures
• Client-Server (C/S) and Beyond
• Thin vs. Fat Clients and Servers

18
Looking Inside the Black Box orhow computers
manipulate data

• Coding Data for Computer Processing programming
• Machine Languages assembling, compiling,
  debugging
• Programming Languages Systems Development
• Approaches for Increasing Computer Performance
  modular, broader/wider, faster, in parallel,
  code/data
• Impact of Miniaturization Integration on
  Performance
• Other Approaches for Improving Performance

19
Data Input Capturing Data

• Keyboards and Pointing Devices
• Optical Character Recognition
• Capturing Pictures, Sounds, and Video
• New Digital Devices (wireless WAP JINI
  standards)

20
Storing and Retrieving Data

• Paper and Micrographics
• Magnetic Tapes and Disks (RAID)
• Lossy vs. Lossless Compression
• Optical Disks
• Flash Memory
• Smart Cards

21
Data Output Displaying Data

• Screen Outputs
• Paper Outputs
• Audio Outputs
• Intelligent Reasoning
• Neural Networks
• Fuzzy Logic
• Case-Based Reasoning
• Intelligent Mobile Agents

22
Studying Approaches Top-down decomposing vs.
Bottom-up building-up

• Hierarchical computer structure
• The CPUs
• CPU Interconnection Structures
• System Components

23
Modular Development

• Brief history
• Interconnection structures - data and control
  signals exchange
• Internal External Memories - memory hierarchy
• Input-Output - programmed and interrupt I/O, DMA
• Operating System - resource management and
  scheduling
• CPU Structure and Function - executing machine
  instructions
• Control Unit Operations - micro-operations and
  control
• Parallel Organization - sequential vs. parallel
  machine
• RISC Architecture - a new trend in CPU
  architecture
• Parallel PC NUMA Networks - the Beowulf Project.

24
Brief History

• The Structure of Babbage's Analytical Engine
  the layout
• John Atanasoff, Clifford Berry ABC, 1939
• John Mauchly John EckertENIAC, 1946, First GP
  Comp.,
• IAS - Prototype of Subsequent General Purpose
  Computers Structure
• First Commercial Computers IBM System/360 DEC
  PDP-8
• The Second Generation Transistors
• The Third Generation Integrated Circuits
• Micro Electronics a New Technology in
  Electronics

25
Later Generations Microprocessors (Intel)

• Contemporary computers
• Characteristics of some contemporary computers
• Personal Computer (WinIntel) Component-based bus
  architectures
• Minicomputer
• Mainframes
• Super computers
• Cray Y-MP IBM 3090/600 VAX 8842 IBM AS/400 IBM
  PS/50

26
William Stallings Computer Organization and
Architecture6th Edition

• Chapter 3
• System Buses

27
Client Architecture
28
Server Architectures
Massively Parallel Processing (MPP)
Symmetrical Multi-Processing (SMP)
MEM
MEM
CPU
CPU
I/O Bus
Non Uniform Memory Access (NUMA)
SMP SHV clusters
Scalable InterConnect Systembus
29
Computer Interconnection Structures

• Computer components
• Programming in Hardware
• Programming in Software
• Interrupt cycle
• I/O function
• Interconnection structures
• Bus interconnection
• Elements of the Bus design

30
William Stallings Computer Organization and
Architecture6th Edition

• Chapter 4
• Cache Memory

31
William Stallings Computer Organization and
Architecture6th Edition

• Chapter 5
• Internal Memory

32
William Stallings Computer Organization and
Architecture6th Edition

• Chapter 6
• External Memory

33
Internal External Memory

• Computer Memory System Overview
• Memory Hierarchy
• Organisation
• Error Correction (ECC)
• Cache Memory
• Magnetic Disk
• Characteristics of Disk Systems direct-access
  device DAD
• Magnetic Tape sequential access device - Archive
  memory
• Optical memory compact drives - CD memory

34
William Stallings Computer Organization and
Architecture6th Edition

• Chapter 7
• Input/Output

35
Input / Output

• External Devices
• Visual Display Units (VDU)
• Disk Drive
• I/O Modules
• Programmed I/O
• Interrupt-driven I/O

36
Direct Memory Access (DMA)

• I/O Channels and Processors

37
Software, Programming, and AI

• Thinking about the Current Limits of Software
• Types of Software
• Programming Viewed as a Business Process
• Four Generations of Programming Languages
• Other Major Developments in Programming
• Object-Oriented Component-Based Development
• Operating Systems (Windows vs.Unix/Linux)
• Steps Toward Programming Intelligence into
  Machines

38
Programming Viewed as a Business Process

• Programming as a Translation Process
• Organizing Ideas Modelling vs. Workflow of
  Thought,
• Creating, Developing, Testing Deploying
  Programs
• The Changing Nature of Programming Data
  Structures
• The Trend Toward Object-Oriented Programming -
  OOP
• State of Objects, Class Instances, Encapsulation,
  Inheritance, and Polymorphism

39
Four Generations of Programming Languages

• Machine Languages
• Assembly Languages
• Higher-Generation Languages
• 4GL Scripting Languages

40
Other Major Developments in Programming

• Special-Purpose Languages
• Spreadsheets Macro Routines
• Structural vs. OO Programming
• Computer Aided Software Engineering CASE Tools
• Component-Based Software Development CBD Tools

41
William Stallings Computer Organization and
Architecture6th Edition

• Chapter 8
• Operating System Support

42
Operating Systems

• Operating Systems for Personal Mobile
  Computers
• Windows CE vs. Symbian OS
• Operating Systems for Multi-User Computer
  Systems
• 8/16 bit vs. 32/64 bit OS Architectures
• MS DOS/Windows 3.1/95/98/NT/2000/XP vs.
  Unix/Linux
• Why Operating Systems Are Important?

43
Steps Toward Intelligent Computers

• Natural Language Processing (NLP)
• Expert Systems (ES)
• Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)
• Fuzzy Logic
• Case-Based Reasoning
• Intelligent Agents (IA)

44
Operating Systems Architecture

• High-level Job Scheduling
• Short-term Job Scheduling a Dispatcher
• Memory Management
• Virtual Memory Concept
• State Management, Threads

45
William Stallings Computer Organization and
Architecture6th Edition

• Chapter 9
• Computer Arithmetic

46
William Stallings Computer Organization and
Architecture6th Edition

• Chapter 10
• Instruction Sets
• Characteristics
• and Functions

47
William Stallings Computer Organization and
Architecture6th Edition

• Chapter 11
• Instruction Sets
• Addressing Modes
• and Formats

48
William Stallings Computer Organization and
Architecture6th Edition

• Chapter 12
• CPU Structure
• and Function

49
CPU Structure Function

• Inside the CPU Cycles
• Instructions Fetch
• Indirect Cycle
• Interrupt Cycle Processing
• Execution
• CPU Data Flow

50
William Stallings Computer Organization and
Architecture6th Edition

• Chapter 14
• Instruction Level Parallelism
• and Superscalar Processors

51
Control Unit Operation

• Micro-code operations
• Execute micro-cycles
• Hardwired implementation (Firmware)

52
William Stallings Computer Organization and
Architecture6th Edition

• Chapter 18
• Parallel Processing

53
Parallel Organizations

• Computer - a Sequential Machine?
• Multiprocessing of Multiprocessors Systems
• Time-shared Bus
• Multiport Memory System
• Central Control Unit System (CCU) concept
• Uniform Multiprocessor OS
• Vector Computational Systems
• Non-Uniform Memory Architectures (NUMA)
  Systemsvs. Pool of Linux Networked PCs - the
  Beowulf Project

54
Fault - Tolerance Systems

• Fault-tolerance - continue to process reliably
  even when a component fails
• Failure Conditions
• Software vs. Hardware Failures
• Characteristics of Fault-tolerant Systems
• Fault-tolerant Organisations
• Availability, Scalability, Reliability

55
William Stallings Computer Organization and
Architecture6th Edition

• Chapter 13
• Reduced Instruction
• Set Computers

56
Reduced Instruction Set Computers

• Instruction Execution Characteristics
• The use of a Large Register File
• Large Register File vs. Cache Memory
• Why the Trend in Reduced Instruction
• Set Architecture Technology?
• RISC Pipeline IssuesParallel Execution
  Resolving ConflictsMaintaining optimal Data
  Flow Data Tags operation, data, mode/type

57
RISC Pipelining (Graph Colouring)
58
William Stallings Computer Organization and
Architecture6th Edition

• Chapter 15
• IA-64 Architecture