Foreign Expansion

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Foreign Expansion
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I. U.S. Looks Outward

• Reasons For Expansion
• Late 1800s Many Americans began to support
  imperialism looking beyond your borders and
  acquiring territory
• European countries had been participating in
  imperialism for years
• -Much of Africa and Asia under European control
  by the late 1800s
• -The sun never sets on the British Empire

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• Imperialists believed the U.S. should
  expandWhy???
• It would provide new markets to sell goods
• -Americans could not consume all the food and
  goods that they produced
• -Needed to look elsewhere to sell their goods

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• It would increase national security (because we
  would have to build naval ships)
• -Alfred T. MahanThe Influence of Sea Power Upon
  History said the U.S. needed a powerful navy to
  protect its new markets

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• It would give the U.S. the ability to teach
  less-civilized people
• -Josiah Strong argued that Anglo-Saxon people
  were superior to other people in the world
• It would allow the U.S. to spread Christianity
  and democracy
• -Social Darwinists used this reason to
  justify imperialism

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• Isolationism
• Other Americans supported isolationism
  separating from the rest of the world
• Isolationists believed the U.S. should not
  expandWhy???

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1. It would pull the U.S. into foreign conflicts
2. It would take the focus off domestic (at home)
   problems
3. It goes against the idea of self-government and
   freedom we were founded upon

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• The Pacific
• Most imperialists turned their attention toward
  the PacificPacific Expansion
• Businessmen wanted to trade with China and other
  Asian countries
• Two examples of expansion in the Pacific

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• Alaska
• -bought from Russia in 1867 by Sec. of State
  William Seward
• -most Americans ridiculed the purchase saying we
  bought walrus-covered icebergs in a barren,
  worthless, God-forsaken region
• -nicknamed Sewards Folly

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• Pacific Islands
• -1853 An American fleet led by Matthew C.
  Perry sailed into Tokyo Bay and convinced Japan
  to open trade relations with the U.S. (they were
  impressed with American technology)
• -1860s U.S. and several European nations
  signed treaties that allowed for expanded trade
  with China
• -Later, Sec. of State John Hay proposed that all
  countries should have the right to trade with
  China (Open Door Policy)
• -Now the U.S. needed refueling stations in the
  Pacific for their ships

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• -1867 Seward annexed the uninhabited Midway
  Islands
• -1875 U.S. signed a treaty with Hawaii to
  allow Hawaiians to sell sugar in the U.S. tax
  freethe U.S. got the right to build a naval base
  in Pearl Harbor
• -1893 A group of planters, led by Sanford
  Dole, with the help of the U.S. Marines, removed
  Queen Liliuokalani from power (she had tried to
  rid Hawaii of all foreign influence)

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• The Spanish-American War (1898)
• Late 1800s Cuba still under Spanish control
• 1895 Cuba rebelled and Spain sent 1000s of
  troops to restore order
• Spanish sent 1000s of Cubans to concentration
  camps (many died)

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• Competing newspapers in the U.S. printed stories
  about Spanish abuses of Cubans
• Often exaggerated and untrue, these stories were
  meant to sell papers rather than to accurately
  report the factsthis is called yellow
  journalism

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• Yellow journalists like Joseph Pulitzer and
  William Randolph Hearst ignited the emotions of
  the American public and contributed to calls for
  war against Spain
• Asst. Sec. of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt was one
  of the many voices calling for war
• When the war began, Roosevelt resigned his
  position and led a group of volunteers known as
  the Rough Riders

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• A Splendid Little War
• Feb. 1898 U.S.S. Maine exploded in a Cuban
  harbor
• Newspapers immediately blamed the Spanish and
  U.S. citizens demanded war
• April 1898 U.S. declared war on Spain

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• U.S. Commodore George Dewey set sail for the
  Philippines in the Pacific another Spanish
  colony
• Dewey quickly destroyed the Spanish fleet and
  took control of the Philippines
• In Cuba, the Rough Riders made bold charges up
  Kettle and San Juan hills (most famous incident
  of the war) and helped the U.S. defeat Spain in
  Cuba

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• In less than 3 months, the U.S. had defeated
  Spain in Cuba and in the Philippines
• John Hay, future Sec. of State, captured what
  most Americans felt about the war when he
  referred to the taking of the Philippines as a
  splendid little war

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• Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam
• Treaty of Paris (1898) officially ended the
  Spanish-American War
• But the Teller Amendment, passed when the war
  began, had promised Cuba their independence
  following the war

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• However, to protect American businesses in Cuba,
  President McKinley installed a U.S. military
  government for 3 years to restore stability
• 1900 Cuba began to draft their own constitution
• -Forced to include the Platt Amendment which
  gave the U.S. two naval bases in Cuba and allowed
  the U.S. to intervene if we believed it was
  necessary

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• Meanwhile, former Spanish colonies Puerto Rico
  and Guam both became U.S. territories

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• The Philippines
• Some supported annexing the Philippines following
  the warnew markets for goods and refueling
  stations
• Many opposedmay increase the chances of future
  wars in the Pacific

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• Many joined the Anti-Imperialist League
• -led by Andrew Carnegie
• -an organization that strongly opposed U.S.
  expansion
• Emilio Aguinaldo led a revolt by the Filipinos
  against U.S. occupation
• -used guerilla warfare tactics attack and
  retreat
• -the revolt lasted more than two years until
  Aguinaldo was captured in 1901

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• 1902 the Philippines became an unorganized
  territory of the U.S. with the promise of
  eventual independence
• 1946 the Philippines became an independent
  nation

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II. U.S. Involvement in Latin America

• The Panama Canal
• 1901 President McKinley was assassinated
  replaced by VP Theodore Roosevelt
• Roosevelt wanted to build a canal across Latin
  America to enable ships to move more quickly
  between the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans

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• This canal would be useful for both the U.S.
  military and for trade ships
• Problem Colombia controlled much of the region
  and refused to sell or lease land to the U.S.
  necessary for the project
• 1903 Panama revolted against Colombia and won
  their independence with U.S. naval support

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• In return, Panama allowed the U.S. to lease the
  land needed for the canal
• Construction on the Panama Canal began in 1905
  and was completed in 1914
• Thousands died from accidents and disease (more
  Americans actually died working on the canal than
  died during the Spanish-American War)

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• 1977 President Jimmy Carter agreed to give
  control of the canal to Panama
• 1999 Panama finally took control of the Panama
  Canal

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• Roosevelt Corollary (Big Stick Diplomacy)
• 1904 Roosevelt issued the Roosevelt Corollary
  which expanded on the Monroe Doctrine (had
  forbidden European countries from further
  colonization in Latin America)
• -The Roosevelt Corollary said the U.S. had the
  right to intervene in the region if a nation had
  trouble paying its debt

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• Roosevelt wanted to be sure that imperialist
  nations did not use debt collection as an excuse
  to occupy territories in the Caribbean or Latin
  America
• This doctrine became known as Roosevelts big
  stick diplomacy
• -the name came from an African proverb which
  said, Speak softly and carry a big stick

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• -It meant two things
• 1) the U.S. did not intend to be a threatening
  presence in the Western Hemisphere
• 2) neither would the U.S. hesitate to
  forcefully protect its own interest

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• William Taft and Dollar Diplomacy
• Following Roosevelt, new President William Taft
  sought to substitute money for bullets by
  promoting his foreign policy known as dollar
  diplomacy
• -encouraged bankers to invest into Latin America
  and the Caribbean
• -the U.S. government helped build railroads in
  China

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• Problem created enemies in some Latin American
  countries who opposed U.S. involvement and
  resented U.S. efforts to buy influence in the
  region

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• Woodrow Wilsons Moral / Missionary Diplomacy
• 1913 Woodrow Wilson becomes President and
  renounced dollar diplomacy
• He supported moral diplomacy instead
• -this was the idea that the U.S. should promote
  democracy and moral progress in the world

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• Wilson actually opposed imperialism and said the
  U.S. would not seek one additional foot of
  territory or conquest
• Unfortunately events abroad soon tested his
  convictions
• Sent the U.S. Marines to Haiti to protect
  American businesses when a revolution began there
• -Many Haitians revolted against the U.S. and a
  series of bloody battles occurred

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• Haiti eventually signed a treaty that made them a
  protectoratebut not a territoryof the U.S.

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