1
African Independence
2
Africans in WWI

• Role
• Served w/allies (colonial powers)
• Served as front line troops
• Served in auxiliary roles
• Only saw action in Africa

• WWI Impact on Africa
• Africans who served return to villages
• with new ideas about freedoms
• Western ideas taught in African schools
• Africans organize nationalist groups

3
Africans in WWII

• Role
• Served as front line troops and in
• auxiliary roles
• Provided resources to the Allies
• Saw action in Middle East, Italy, Burma,
• Italy, and North and East Africa

• WWI Impact on Africa
• Turning Point in African History!!!!!
• Post-war Africans no longer satisfied
• to remain under colonial control
• Wave of nationalism seeps across Africa

4
African Nationalism
Nationalism loyalty and devotion to a nation or
culture
Pan-Africanism A movement, founded around 1900,
to secure equal rights, self-government,
independence, and unity for African peoples
5
The British Colonies

• Background
• First colony to gain independence
• Colonial name The Gold Coast

Ghana

• Leader(s)
• Kwame Nkrumah nationalist
• independence leader

• Process
• Use civil disobedience
• 1948 riots in Accra British reforms
• Convention Peoples Party created
• 1951 British allow free elections
• CPP wins majority
• 1957 British grant independence

6
The British Colonies

• Background
• Inspired by Ghanas independence
• Colonial name British East Africa

• Leader(s)
• Jomo Kenyatta independence
• leader/kikuyu
• Kikuyu largest ethnic group
• Mau Mau Kikuyu guerilla group

Kenya

• Process
• 1950s British allow role in govt.
• whites oppose loose land/crops
• Mau Mau Rebellion violent rebellion
• against
  British
• 1963 Kikuyu win elections and
• declare independence

7
The British Colonies

• Background
• Colonial name British Central Africa
• 1953 Federation of Rhodesia
• Nyasaland created (multiracial)

• Leader(s)
• Robert Mugabe African leader
• in civil war 1st prime minister

• Process
• 1963 African majority
• votes to withdraw
• 1964 Zambia Malawi
• created
• 1965 Southern Rhodesia
• breaks away civil war
• (whites vs. Africans)
• 1979 elections held
• 1980 Mugabe leader
• land renamed Zimbabwe

Malawi
Zambia
Zimbabwe
8
The British Colonies

• Background
• Igbo people ruled from 10th C. to
• 1911 when British took over
• 1914 divided south (wealthy)
• north (poor)
• 1936 slavery outlawed in north

Nigeria

• Process
• 1960 British grant them
• independence
• 1966-1970 Nigerian Civil War
• 1970-1979 Military rule oil boom
• 1979-1999 Democracy to Military
• rule (back and forth)

• Leader(s)
• Nnamdi Azikiwe first president

9
The French Colonies

• Background
• French Goal integrate African
• colonies into post-WWII French
• Union
• Colonial name French West Africa

Senegal
Guinea
Cote DIvoire

• Leader(s)
• Sekou Toure independence
• leader of Guinea
  
• Charles de Gaulle French leader

• Process
• Nationalist parties form
• 1958 French ultimatum Join
• French Union or Independence
• 1958 Guinea breaks away
• 1960 Senegal Ivory Coast
• granted independence

10
The French Colonies
Algeria

• Background
• French colony since 1800s

• Leader(s)
• Ahmed Ben Bella FLN leader and
• 1st
  president
• Charles de Gaulle French leader

• Process
• National Liberation Front (FLN)
• demands independence
• 1954 Algerian War of Independence
• 1958 de Gaulle offers 3 options
• 1962 France grants independence

11
The Belgian Colonies

• Background
• Congo rich in resources minerals
• Congolese people are tribal
• WWII brought unity

• Leader(s)
• Patrice Lumumba independence
• leader 1st prime minister
• Joseph Mobutu military leader
• dictator seizes power after civil war

Congo

• Process
• 1955 Belgium sets 30 year timetable
• 1959 violent protests in capital
• June 1960 gain independence
• 1960-65 civil war new govt. vs. military
• 1965 Mobutu and military seize control

• name changed to Zaire
• 70s-90s poor economy
• 1994 Rwandan genocide
• refugees destabilization
• Mobutu forced out exiled
• 1997 renamed Dem of Congo

12
The Portuguese Colonies

• Background
• Post-WWII Liberation Armies est.
• Colonial Name Portuguese Guinea,
• West Africa, and East Africa

Guinea- Bissau

• Leader(s)
• Liberation Army military units
• created to fight for independence

Angola

• Process
• 1950s-70s bloody revolts
• Portugal vs. Liberation Armies
• 1974 coup in Portugal colonial
• withdrawal from Africa
• Independent nations of Guinea-Bissau,
• Angola, and Mozambique

Mozambique
13
South Africa

• Background
• 1795 British seize land (Dutch)
• 1806 becomes a British colony
• Boers settle in Orange Free State
• and found Boer Republic
• 1880 1st Boer War Boers (Natives)
• vs. British for mineral wealth
• 1899 2nd Boer War
• 1909 South Africa Act places all
• areas under British control
• 1931 South Africa granted
• independence from Britain
• Afrikaners 75 of population
• 13 of land poor
• Whites 25 of population
• 87 of land wealthy

South Africa
14

• Leader(s)
• Nelson Mandela ANC leader
• and 1st African president of
• South Africa
• Steven Biko anti-apartheid
• leader in South Africa
• Desmond Tutu Anglican bishop
• and anti-apartheid crusader
• who preached non-violence
• F.W. de Klerk military leader
• dictator seizes power after civil war

South Africa
15
South Africa

• Process
• Apartheid legal racial segregation
• in South Africa (1948)
• African National Congress created
• political party against apartheid
• 1961 South Africa becomes a republic
• 1976 govt. crackdown against protests
• 1980s world leaders nations place
• sanctions on South Africa b/c apartheid
• 1989 K.W. de Klerk becomes president
• makes reforms in South Africa
• 1994 free elections held Nelson
• Mandela elected first black president

South Africa