What is a Mutation?

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What is a Mutation?
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Mutation
change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic
information.
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mutation
Understanding Level
1 2 3 4

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Frameshift Mutation mutation that shifts the
reading frame of the genetic message by
inserting of deleting a nucleotide.
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Frameshift mutation
Understanding Level
1 2 3 4

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Point Mutation mutation that affects a single
nucleotide, usually by substituting one
nucleotide for another.
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Point mutation
Understanding Level
1 2 3 4

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• Chromosomal Mutation
• involve changes in the number or structure of
  chromosomes.
• Below are examples of Chromosomal Mutations.
• Deletion Mutation
• Insertion Mutation
• Inversion Mutation
• Translocation Mutation

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Chromosomal mutation
Understanding Level
1 2 3 4

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Deletion Mutation involve the loss of all or
part of a chromosome.
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Deletion mutation
Understanding Level
1 2 3 4

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Insertion Mutation addition of DNA bases.
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Insertion mutation
Understanding Level
1 2 3 4

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Inversion Mutation reverse the direction of
parts of chromosomes.
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Inversion mutation
Understanding Level
1 2 3 4

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Translocation Mutation occur when part of one
chromosome breaks off and attaches to another.
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Translocation mutation
Understanding Level
1 2 3 4

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Phenotype physical characteristics of an
organism.
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phenotype
Understanding Level
1 2 3 4

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Nucleotide monomer of nucleic acids made up of
a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a
nitrogenous base.
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nucleotide
Understanding Level
1 2 3 4

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Polyploidy condition in which an organism has
extra sets of chromosomes.
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Polyploidy
Understanding Level
1 2 3 4

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Mutate a Sentence
Thesunwashotbuttheoldmandidnotgethishat.
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Mutate a Sentence
GENE NUCLEOTIDE BASE - CODON
The sun was hot but the old man did not get his
hat. The sentence represents a gene. Each
letter corresponds to a nucleotide base, and each
word represents a codon.
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Mutate a Sentence Frameshift
The sun was hot but the old man did not get his
hat.
Frameshift
T hes unw ash otb utt heo ldm and idn otg eth ish
at.
or
Th esu nwa sho tbu tth eol dma ndi dno tge thi
sha t.
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Mutate a Sentence Deletion
The sun was hot but the old man did not get his
hat.
Deletion
Mutate the reading frame of this sentence by
deleting letters within the sentence.
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Mutate a Sentence Insertion
The sun was hot but the old man did not get his
hat.
Insertion
Mutate the reading frame of this sentence by
inserting letters within the sentence.
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Which of these best explains how mutation can be
beneficial to an organism? Apr'06 11th -7   A.
Phenotypic change may create an advantage over
other organisms. B. Recombined genetic material
improves genotype stability. C. Mitosis becomes a
favored means of reproduction. D. Deoxyribose
sugars develop into additional nucleotides.
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A
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Sickle-cell anemia is a disorder resulting from a
mutation that leads to the production of an
abnormal protein. Which component of the DNA
molecule provides instructions for the production
of the protein? Apr'06 11th -31   A. The
phosphate groups B. The sugar molecules C. The
sequence of nitrogen bases D. The bonds that hold
the sugars to the bases
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C
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A deletion of a DNA base from a gene affects an
organism by _____. Jul'06 11th -32   A. causing
future gametes to have additional chromosomes B.
changing the sequence of amino acids in a
protein C. causing chromosome fragments to form
long chains D. changing the structure of ribose
sugar in nucleic acids
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B
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Which of the following is a change that could be
passed on to an organisms offspring? Jul'06 11th
-52   A. Damage to the DNA of gamete cells B.
Damage to skin cells from exposure to sunlight C.
Damage to DNA in the cytoplasm of cheek cells D.
Damage to hair pigment cells with permanent dyes
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A
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The diagram shows three generations of cells
produced by a single cell through mitosis. In the
process, a single mutation occurred at the point
indicated. The mutation caused changes within a
dominant allele. How many of the 15 cells contain
the mutation? Apr'06 10th -20 A. 5 B. 7 C. 14 D.
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B
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If one nucleotide is omitted or accidentally
repeated in the process of DNA duplication, which
of the following is most likely to occur? Jul'06
11th -10   A. Gene deletion B. Gene mutation C.
Gene insertion D. Gene segregation
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B
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This illustration is an example of a normal DNA
sequence. Which of the following represents a
single base change in the sequence? Apr'06 10th
-39
A. B. C. D.
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D
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The model shows a demonstration a student
prepared using black and white marbles to show
how populations of organisms can change. Which of
the following concepts is best illustrated by
this demonstration? Feb'06 11th -30   A.
Evolution of a predatory species B. Genetic drift
accompanying natural selection C. Environmentally
induced genetic mutations D. Immunity from
virulent microorganisms
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B