How do you think modern technology affects learning?

1

• How do you think modern technology affects
  learning?

2

• Learning-a relatively permanent change in
  behavior due to experience.
• Associative Learning-learning certain events can
  occur together
• Conditioning
• Classical Conditioning-learn that one stimuli
  predicts another, for example that a bell
  predicts class change. Sometimes we flinch, as
  if to get up, at the lunch bell.
• Operant Conditioning-behavior is influenced by
  its consequences. Example-studying gets you
  good grades.

3
Classical Conditioning-Pavlov

• Pavlov did an experiment with dogs, discovering
  that by associating a tone with food, he could
  eventually condition dogs to salivate to a tone
  alone.
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vhhqumfpxuzI

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• Experiment
• Neutral Stimulus (bell)-no response
• Unconditioned stimulus (food)
• Unconditioned response (drool)- natural response
• Conditioned stimulus (bell)- formerly neutral
• Conditioned response (drool) in response to CS
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vEo7jcI8fAuI
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vWfZfMIHwSkU
• poor little brother

5

• Acquisition-pairing NS and UCS (getting
  classically conditioned)
• Extinction-CS no longer elicits the CR when the
  CS no longer signals the uncond. stimulus
• Spontaneous recovery-return of CR that has been
  extinct for no apparent reason
• Generalization-respond to anything similar to the
  CS
• Ex. Fearing all dogs if a pit bull bites you

6

• Discrimination-ONLY respond to CS and nothing
  similar
• Ex. Only fearing Pit Bulls because one bit you

7
Little Albert Experiment

• John B. Watson wanted to condition a baby to fear
  a white rat and then see if that fear was
  generalized to other fluffy white objects.
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vXt0ucxOrPQE

8
Operant Conditioning vs. Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning
uncontrollable biological based response Ex-flinch, blink, sweat, drool. Stimulus, then learned reaction based on stimulus (human action comes second) Controllable action Ex. Study to get good grades Learned reaction, then consequence Based on consequences (human action comes first)
9
Thorndike and the Law of Effect

• Behavior is influenced by its consequences
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vVk6H7Ukp6To

10
Skinner Experiment

• Skinner experimented with different schedules of
  reinforcements with animals.
• Skinner Box- box animal placed in, usually with a
  bar or lever to push, resulting in reinforcement
  for an animal
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vI_ctJqjlrHA

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• Shaping-reward for closer and closer
  approximations to a desired behavior
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vcAtDw87bhcw

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• Principles of Reinforcement
• Primary reinforcer-naturally rewarding

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• Secondary reinforcer-it is rewarding because it
  can help one get a primary reinforcer

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Both Positive AND Negative Reinforcement always
increases behavior

• Positive reinforcement-increase behavior to get a
  reward
• Ex. Do chores to get an allowance
• Ex. Giving candy to a child throwing a tantrum in
  Walmart

15

• Negative Reinforcement-increasing a behavior to
  STOP or AVOID something bad
• Ex. Clean room to AVOID lecture
• Ex. Click seatbelt to AVOID annoying dinging
  sound
• Punishment-decreases behavior that it follows

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Schedules of Reinforcement
Schedule Description Resulting Behavior
Continuous Reinforce every time Quickest to become extinct when the reinforcement stops
Fixed Ratio Reward after a specific number of tries Frantic response that could exhaust the organism
Variable Ratio Reward after random number of tries (Gambling) Hardest behavior to extinguish even after the reinforcement stops
Fixed interval Reward after a specific time period Behavior increases only when it is close to reward time
Variable interval Reward after a random amount of time Behavior is slower, but steady
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skinner box and video gamesPunishment

• A punishment is any consequence that decreases a
  behavior
• Ex. Jail time for stealing to stop a person from
  doing it again
• Presentation-should be directly after behavior to
  be effective
• Drawbacks-when punishment stops, behavior returns
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vVKBGVV6PDX4

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Social/Observational Learning

• Modeling- copying a persons behavior
• You must COPY a behavior not listen to
  instructions and carry them out.
• BoBo Doll experiment-done by Albert Bandura to
  test the effect of modeling violence on children.
• BoBo clip

19

• Is violence on television making children more
  violent?
• Number of murders seen on TV by the time an
  average child finishes elementary school8,000
• Number of violent acts seen on TV by age 18
  200,000
• Count the violent acts in the following cartoon
  clip.
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vHeG_LSrjIX4

20

• E.C. Tolman believed that we all have a cognitive
  map of our surroundings, meaning a mental map
  that we create.
• Latent learning-learning without direct effort,
  such as remembering how to get to a place that
  you have passed by but never directly tried to
  get to.