The Animal Kingdom

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The Animal Kingdom

• Classification and Organization
• Dr. Jim Whitfield

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Basis of Classification

• What terms can we use to define what an animal
  is?
• As in, All animals are ..

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Basis of Classification

• What terms can we use to define what an animal
  is?
• As in, All animals are ..
• EUKARYOTIC

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Basis of Classification

• What terms can we use to define what an animal
  is?
• As in, All animals are ..
• EUKARYOTIC
• MULTICELLULAR

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Basis of Classification

• What terms can we use to define what an animal
  is?
• As in, All animals are ..
• EUKARYOTIC
• MULTICELLULAR
• HETEROTROPHS

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What makes animals different from each other?

• Animals differ in the arrangement of their cells

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What makes animals different from each other?

• Animals differ in the arrangement of their cells
• Animals differ in body symmetry (radial vs.
  bilateral)

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What makes animals different from each other?

• Animals differ in the arrangement of their cells
• Animals differ in body symmetry (radial vs.
  bilateral)
• Animals differ in the structure of the coelom

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What makes animals different from each other?

• Animals differ in the arrangement of their cells
• Animals differ in body symmetry (radial vs.
  bilateral)
• Animals differ in the structure of the coelom
• Animals differ in the structure of such systems
  as digestive, reproductive, circulatory,
  respiratory and others

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How do animals differ when we classify them
according to the organization of their cells?
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Sponges (phyla Porifera)

• Sponges exhibit basic cell organization
• The cells aggregate together, there is some
  differentiation among function of the cells
• Their cells are mostly involved with obtaining
  food and the exchange of oxygen and carbon
  dioxide
• This is known as Cellular Organization
• Sponges do not demonstrate symmetry

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Jelly Fish and Coral Animals (phyla Cnidaria and
Ctenophora)

• Your book uses the term COELENTERATES this term
  is no longer commonly used
• In these animals cells are organized to perform
  simple functions including digestion, respiration
  and excretion
• A group of cells performing the same task is
  called a tissue
• Hence these animals show tissue level of
  organization
• These animals show radial symmetry

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Portuguese man o war Note the radial symmetry
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Flatworms (Phyla Platyhelminthes)

• Flatworms are acoelomates?
• They are unsegmented invertebrates
• They are a simple digestive system with one
  opening for eating and excretion This is called
  an incomplete digestive system
• These organisms are the first to show an organ
  level of classification

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Flatworms (Phyla Platyhelminthes)

• What do you think Organ Level of classification
  means?

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Flatworms (Phyla Platyhelminthes)

• Remember a group of cells that work together for
  a common activity is called a tissue
• So a group of tissues that work together for a
  common activity is called an organ

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Flatworms (Phyla Platyhelminthes)

• More than half of all flatworms are parasitic
  meaning they cause disease. One of the most
  serious diseases is Schistosomiasis (caused by
  the genus trematode)
• This is the second most significant parasitic
  disease worldwide after Malaria
• It is often called Snail Fever because snails
  serve as the intermediate host

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Higher animal groups such as Annelids,
Arthropods, Mollusks, Echinoderms, and Chordates)
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• Have pulled their organs together to form organ
  systems
• Hence they demonstrate organ system level of
  classification
• Each organ has a specific role
• The proper functioning of each is required for
  the system to work properly

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Differences in the Same Systems

• Remember that platyhelminthes have an incomplete
  digestive system, however from the phyla Annelid
  onward have both a mouth and an anus, hence they
  have a complete digestive system
• Some animals such as arthropods have an open
  circulatory system this means that the heart
  pumps the blood directly into the body bathing
  the cells Chordates (you and I) have closed
  circulatory system in which blood is pumped
  though a series of arteries and veins

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Symmetry

• As previously stated sponges are asymetrical
  this means that in whatever plane you cut them
  their bodies will NOT be equal
• Jelly fish (Cnidaria) and star fish (Echinoderms)
  show radial symmetry (like spokes on a wheel)
  this means that you can cut the body in any plane
  and have equal sides
• Higher animals show bilateral symmetry 0 this
  means that the body can be cut in only one plane
  and have equal left and right sides

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Animals Can Also Be Arranged by the Arrangement
of Their Embryonic Cell Layers
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Embryonic (Germinal) Layers

• Animals whose cells are arranged into two
  embryonic layers, an outer ectoderm and an inner
  endoderm are called diploblastic
• Often an undifferentiated layer of cells is found
  between these two layers and is called the
  mesoglia
• This type of arrangement is found in cnidarians

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Embryonic (Germinal) Layers

• Animals that have a third embryonic layer located
  between the ectoderm and the mesoderm are called
  triploblastic
• This layer of tissue is called the mesoderm
• Platyhelminthes to chordates are all
  triploblastic

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What Becomes of these Layers?

• The Endoderm forms the stomach, intestines,
  lungs, pancreas, bladder, trachea and thyroid
  gland
• The Mesoderm forms the muscle, cartilage, urinary
  tract (not including bladder), heat, spleen,
  dermis and notochord
• The Ectoderm forms the hiair, nails, lens of the
  eye, sweat and sebacious glands, cornea, and the
  enamel of the teeth