PSYCHOLOGY:

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PSYCHOLOGY
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Name the artist?
Maybe youve heard his music.
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Kurt Cobain

• Member of top grunge band of early 90s, Nirvana
• Wife, daughter, fame, popularity
• At age 27, pressed the barrel of a 20-gauge
  shotgun to his head, and pulled the trigger

In his diary, he wrote, When you wake up this
morning, please read my diary. Look through my
things and figure me out.
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Did Kurt Cobain write the song, I Hate Myself
and Want To Die because of some unconscious
forces that he was unaware of and had repressed?
If so, how could we have explored what was in
Kurts unconscious?
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Monkey see monkey do/ I dont know why Id
rather be dead than cool - Stay Away
Everything is my fault/Ill take all the blame
- All Apologies
Freud had trouble proving there was an
unconscious, but he might have looked at these
lyrics and said that Cobain was hiding some of
his Unconscious feelings in his lyrics.
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Figuring someone out involves exploring
PERSONALITY
Researchers have developed many ways of assessing
personality, but even if we do gain an
understanding of how we are (personality), the
question of why we are that way (theories of
personality) remains.
Personality theories help us understand the
differences among people
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PERSONALITY DEFINED
Personality is the consistent, enduring, and
unique characteristics of a person
Personality traits are characteristic behaviors
and feelings that are consistent and
long lasting
Personality States are temporary
patterns of behavior and feelings that may arise
in a specific situation
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PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORIES

• Emphasize the unconscious (part of the mind that
  contains material we are unaware of but that
  strongly influences behavior)
• Unconscious feelings as children impact
• adulthood
• Main ideas developed by Sigmund Freud

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Freud Described the following
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(No Transcript)
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FREUDS ID, EGO, SUPEREGO
Freud used the Id, Ego, and Superego to try to
explain how the mind functions and personality is
shaped
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Id

• instinctual biological urges

• lustful, impulsive, fun pleasure principle
• completely unconscious

• Seeks immediate gratification of impulses (what
  feels good)
• Ignores consequences

Following the pleasure principle (ID) leads to
conflict with others (parents) and results in the
development of the EGO in the 2nd and 3rd year of
life.
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Ego

• Rational thoughtful

• Based on the reality principle, the awareness
  that gratification of impulses has to be delayed
  in order to accommodate the demands of the real
  world.

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Superego

• Responsible for societys rules of behavior
  (moral standards). Feels guilty if rules are
  disobeyed.

• Based on morality principle, must follow moral
  standards and rules and breaking them causes
  guilt.

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ID What you WANT TO DO
EGO What you CAN DO
SUPEREGO What you SHOULD DO
ID SUPEREGO are frequently in conflict. Ego
must satisfy both.
Rather than feel conflict or frustration when the
IDs desires SUPEREGOs rules cannot be
satisfied, humans distort reality using DEFENSE
MECHANISMS
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Defense Mechanisms
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Defense Mechanisms

• Used by ego to mask IDs raw impulses into more
  socially acceptable behavior.
• Rationalization we unconsciously generate
  self-justifying explanations to hide from
  ourselves the real reasons why we act
• Reaction Formation the ego unconsciously makes
  unacceptable impulses look like their opposites
  I hate him becomes I love him
• Intellectualization trying to overthink or
  logic your way out of discomfort for instance,
  instead of focusing on sadness over a terminal
  diagnosis, you focus on the details of the
  disease

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Freuds View of Humor

• Freud viewed jokes as expressions of repressed
  sexual and aggressive tendencies
• Dead baby, mommy mommy, marriage broker jokes
  are funny because our id enjoys thembut then we
  quickly feel bad about that enjoyment because of
  our superego

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Freuds techniques for exploring the Unconscious

• Freud believed that information in the
  unconscious emerges in slips of the tongue,
  jokes, dreams, illness symptoms, etc. These are
  called Freudian Slips. (When you say one thing,
  but you mean your mother.)

• Dream interpretation, or analyzing dreams

• Psychoanalysis

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Freuds Developmental Stages

• Stages of Development
• Oral stage (birth to 1 ½ )
• Focus is on feeding and weaning
• Anal Stage (1 ½ to 2 ½ )
• Focus is on toilet training
• Phallic Stage (2 ½ to 5 or 6)
• Focus is on Oedipus Complex
• Interest in opposite sex parent
• Latency Stage (6 to preadolescence)
• Earlier conflicts become hidden
• Genital Stage (adolescence onward)
• Focus is on seeking a marital partner
• Earlier conflicts reappear

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FREUDS LEGACY

• 1ST Person to propose unified theory to
  understand and explain human behavior
• No theory more complete, complex, or
  controversial
• Some criticize his theory for being impossible
  to test
• Freuds psychoanalytic theory was the
  predecessor of all later personality theories

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IN FREUDS FOOTSTEPS.
OTHER PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORIES
Carl Jung

• Freuds personal successor before relationship
  ended because Jung disagreed with Freuds
  emphasis on sexual urges

• The Collective unconscious (part of the mind
  that contains inherited instincts, urges, and
  memories common to all people) holds Archetypes
  (an inherited idea based on experiences of ones
  ancestors, which shapes ones personality)
• Jung believed we fit our personalities to our
  Archetypes

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ALFRED ADLER

• Believed people are driven to overcome feelings
  of inferiority

• Inferiority Complex when a person continually
  tries to compensate for his weakness and avoid
  feelings of inadequacy.

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Karen Horney

• Our primary goal, in Horneys opinion, is
  establishing security.
• If our need for security isnt fulfilled when
  were little, Horney believed well spend the
  rest of our lives looking for it.
• Children who find security with their parents
  will continue to find security with others later
  on children who fail to find security with
  others will grow up feeling insecure and
  distrustful of others, resulting in three
  behaviors avoiding others, always giving in to
  others, or dominating others.

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LEARNING THEORIES

• Group of theorists known as Behaviorists
• Main belief is that the environment and
  reinforcement shape personality
• As individuals differ in their learning
  experiences, they acquire different behaviors
  and, hence, different personalities
• Focus on observable behaviors (not thoughts)

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B.F. SKINNER

• Personality arises from Operant conditioning
  (specifically reinforcement)
• What is the behavior and what causes
  (reinforces) it?

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ALBERT BANDURA

• Personality acquired through reinforcement AND
  observational learning, or imitation
• People direct behavior by choice of models
• Called Social Cognitive Theory

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HUMANISTIC THEORIES

• Believe all humans strive for self-actualization,
  or the realization of their potential
• Becoming true to oneself and having an ability
  to grow

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ABRAHAM MASLOW
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CARL ROGERS

• Two sides to each person (What they value and
  what they believe others value in them)
• Self ones image of oneself (who they are)
  developed through interaction with others
• Everyone wants Positive regard viewing oneself
  in favorable light due to supportive feedback
  from others
• People may reject parts of their person if they
  dont receive positive regard
• The self and the person are often different but
  accepting your person results in becoming a fully
  functioning individual

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TRAIT THEORIES

• Try to explain consistency and normal, healthy
  behavior in different situations

• Trait - relatively stable and enduring tendency
  to behave in a particular way

• Traits apply to all people.
• Can quantify traits (scale 1-10 how nice are you)

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BIG FIVE TRAIT THEORY
Current popular belief all personality traits
derive from five basic personality traits
EXTRAVERSION
AGREEABLENESS
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS
OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE
NEUROTICISM
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O
C
E
A
N
penness
xtraversion
euroticism
greeableness
onscientiousness
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PERSONALITY TESTS WHY?
Personality Tests ASSESS an individuals
CHARACTERISTICS and IDENTIFY PROBLEMS. They can
help PREDICT future behavior.
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OBJECTIVE PERSONALITY TESTS
A limited- or forced choice test in which a
person must select on of several answers

• MMPI-2 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
  Inventory (MMPI)
• Most widely used objective test
• 567 questions divided into groups. People answer
  true, false, cannot say.
• Originally to help diagnose mental disorders

• MBTI - Myers-Briggs Test
• Rate personality on four scales
• Extraversion vs. Introversion
• Intuition vs. Sensing
• Feeling vs. Thinking
• Judging vs. Perceiving

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PROJECTIVE PERSONALITY TESTS
Require subjects to respond to pictures and
phrases that can be interpreted in many different
ways.
Rorschach Test series of ten inkblots that
subjects look at and determine what they see.
Most widely used.
What do you see in this picture?
(TAT) Thematic Apperception Test series of
pictures containing a variety of vague but
suggestive scenes. 2nd most widely used