Essential Question:

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• Essential Question
• What were the various plans to reconstruct the
  Union at the end of the Civil War?
• Warm-Up Question
• What problems exist now that the Civil War is
  over?

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• Overview You are a member of Congress in
  1865. The Civil War is finally over and the North
  has won. Your most important job is to develop a
  plan to reconstruct America after the Civil
  War. To do this, consider solutions to the
  following problems
• Problem 1 Southern states seceded and left the
  Union. The President and Congress can determine
  the rules by which the Southern states should be
  re-admitted. Should Southern states be granted
  mercy and offered a quick and easy series of
  requirements in order to return to the Union? Or
  should Southern states be punished for the Civil
  War and required to meet a series of strict
  regulation before being re-admitted to the Union?
  Explain your rationale.

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• Problem 3 What should be done with the freed
  slaves in the South? What kinds of services or
  protections should the national government
  provide in order to help guarantee their safety
  and freedom in the South after the Civil War?

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Reconstruction (1865 to 1877)

• Reconstruction is the era after the Civil War
  when the U.S. govt
• Brought the seceded Southern states back into the
  Union
• Ended slavery tried to protect newly
  emancipated slaves
• Rebuilt the nation after more than four years of
  fighting

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Reconstruction 1865-1877

• Reconstruction occurred in 2 phases
• Presidential Reconstruction (1865-67) was lenient
  in order to allow Southern states to quickly
  rejoin the Union It was initiated by President
  Lincoln but carried out by President Andrew
  Johnson

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Reconstruction 1865-1877

• Reconstruction occurred in 2 phases
• Congressional Reconstruction (1867-77) was
  directed by Radical Republicans in Congress
  who wanted a stricter plan that protected the
  rights of former slaves kept Confederate
  leaders from regaining power in the South

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Lincolns Reconstruction Plan
In his 2nd inaugural address, Lincoln promised a
Reconstruction Plan for the Union with malice
towards none charity for all

• Before the Civil War came to an end ( before his
  death), Lincoln proposed his Ten-Percent Plan
• This plan was very lenient allowed former
  Confederate states could re-enter the Union when
• 10 of its population swore an oath of loyalty to
  the USA
• States ratified the 13th Amendment ending slavery

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Lincolns Reconstruction Plan

• Radical Republicans in Congress rejected
  Lincolns plan because
• It did nothing to protect ex-slaves or to keep
  Confederate leaders from regaining power in the
  South
• Wanted 50 of state populations to swear an oath
  of loyalty
• When the Civil War ended Lincoln was
  assassinated in 1865, there was no Reconstruction
  Plan in place

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Presidential Reconstruction

• When Lincoln was assassinated in
  1865 VP Andrew Johnson tried to
  continue Lincolns policies
• His Presidential Reconstruction plan was lenient
  towards Southerners
• States could come back into the USA once they
  ratified the 13th Amendment

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Presidential Reconstruction

• Johnsons Reconstruction plan hoped to quickly
  re-unify the nation
• But, this plan did not require strict regulations
  to protect former slaves
• Southern states passed black codes to keep
  African-Americans from gaining land, jobs, voting
  rights, protection under the law
• Johnson pardoned 13,000 ex-Confederates

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Presidential Reconstruction

• Led by Thaddeus Stevens, many radical
  Republicans in Congress opposed Johnsons plan
  pushed for laws to protect African-Americans
• Created the Freedmans Bureau
• Pushed for the 14th Amendment

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The Freedmans Bureau

• The Freedmans Bureau was established in 1865 to
  offer assistance to former slaves protect their
  new citizenship
• Provided emergency food, housing, medical
  supplies
• Promised 40 acres a mule
• Supervised labor contracts
• Created new schools

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The Role of Freedmans Bureau Agents
Many former abolitionists moved South to help
freedmen, called carpetbaggers by Southern
Democrats
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A Freedmans Bureau School
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Historically Black Colleges in the South
The emphasis on education led to the creation of
black universities, such as Morehouse College in
Atlanta
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The 14th Amendment

• Congress feared Johnson would allow violations of
  civil rights so it drafted the 14th Amendment
• Clarified the idea of citizenship to include
  former slaves
• All citizens were entitled to equal protection
  under the law cannot be deprived of life,
  liberty, property without due process of law
• Tennessee was the only Southern state to accept
  the amendment

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Presidential Reconstruction

• President Johnson opposed these new protections
  because he felt it would slow reconstruction
• Johnson vetoed the Freedmans Bureau bill
  encouraged Southern states to not support the
  14th Amendment
• This backfired when Republicans increased their
  control of Congress in the 1866 elections

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• With a dominance in Congress, moderate
  radical Republicans took control began
  Congressional Reconstruction in 1867
• Did not recognize the state govts approved under
  Johnsons Plan
• Made Reconstruction more strict

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Congressional Reconstruction

• The Reconstruction Act of 1867 required that any
  Confederate state that wanted to re-enter the
  Union had to
• Ratify the 14th Amendment
• Allow African-American men the right to vote in
  their states
• Keep Confederate leaders from returning to power

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Created 5 military districts to protect former
slaves to enforce reconstruction
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Johnsons Impeachment (1868)

• President Johnson obstructed Congressional
  Reconstruction
• He fired military generals appointed by Congress
  to oversee Southern military zones
• He violated a new law called the Tenure of Office
  Act when he tried to fire his Secretary of War
  who supported Congress plan

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• Radical Republicans used this as an opportunity
  to impeach the president
• To impeach is to formally charge an elected
  official of wrongdoing
• The House of Representatives voted 126-47 to
  impeach Johnson

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After an 11 week trial, the Senate fell 1 vote
short of removing the president from office
Johnson argued that removal could only occur due
to high crimes misdemeanors but no crime
had been committed
ButJohnson did promise to enforce Reconstruction
for the remainder of his term he did!
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The Senate trial of Johnsons impeachment was the
hottest ticket in town
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• In 1868, Civil War hero Ulysses Grant won the
  presidency worked with Congress to reconstruct
  the South
• By 1868, most Confederate states had been
  re-admitted to the Union under Congressional
  Reconstruction
• Under Grant, the last would re-enter

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Because of Congressional Reconstruction,
African-American men in the South could vote for
the first time
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Re-Admission of the South
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• In 1870, the 15th Amendment gave black men the
  right to vote
• Prohibited any state from denying men the right
  to vote due to race
• Butthe amendment said nothing about literacy
  tests, poll taxes, property qualifications

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Conclusions

• As a result of Congressional Reconstruction
  (1867-1877)
• All eleven Southern states were re-admitted into
  the Union
• The 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments provided
  protection opportunity for African-Americans in
  the South
• But, this was difficult to enforce sustain as
  Democrats slowly took back control of Southern
  states