After Reading this Chapter you should be Able to

1
After Reading this Chapter you should be Able to

• Define the key biographical characteristics
• Identify two types of ability
• Shape the behavior of others
• Distinguish between the four schedules of
  reinforcement
• Clarify the role of punishment in learning
• Practice self-management
• Exhibit effective discipline skills

2
Biographical Characteristics

• Personal characteristics such as age, gender, and
  marital status- that are objective and easily
  obtained from personnel records

3
Ability

• An individuals capacity to perform the various
  tasks in a job

4
Intellectual ability

• That required to do mental activities

5
Physical Ability

• That required to do tasks demanding stamina,
  dexterity, strength and similar characteristics

6
Learning

• Any relatively permanent change in behavior that
  occurs as a result of experience

7
Classical Conditioning

• Type of conditioning in which an individual
  responds to some stimulus that would not
  ordinarily produces such a response

8
Operant conditioning

• A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary
  behavior leads to a reward or prevents a
  punishment

9
Social-learning theory

• People can learn through observation and direct
  experience

10
Shaping behavior

• Systematically reinforcing each successive step
  that moves an individual closer to the desired
  response.

11
Continuous reinforcement

• A desired behavior is reinforced each and every
  time it is demonstrated

12
Intermittent reinforcement

• A desired behavior is reinforced often enough to
  make the behavior worth repeating but not every
  time it is demonstrated

13
Fixed-Interval Schedule

• Rewards are spaced at uniform time intervals

14
Variable-interval schedule

• Rewards are distributed in time so that
  reinforcements are unpredictable

15
Fixed-ratio schedule

• Rewards are initiated after a fixed or constant
  number of responses

16
Variable-ratio schedule

• The reward varies relative to the behavior of the
  individual

17
OB Mod

• The application of reinforcement concepts to
  individuals in the work setting

18
Self-management

• Learning techniques that allow individuals to
  manage their own behavior so that less external
  management controls is necessary