Cells and Organelles The building blocks of Life

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Cells and OrganellesThe building blocks of Life

• Mr. Carters Science Class

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The Cell Theory

• All living things are made of cells.
• New cells are only produced from existing cells.
• Cells are made of chemical compounds and run on
  chemical reactions.
• All Cells contain DNA.

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Levels of Organization

• 1. List all of the levels of organization that
  are SMALLER than cells.
• 2. List all of the levels of organization that
  are BIGGER than cells.

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Levels of Organization

• 1. List all of the levels of organization that
  are SMALLER than cells.
• Protons,neutrons,electrons
• Atoms
• Compounds (or molecules)
• Organelles

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A Cell
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Levels of Organization

• 2. List all of the levels of organization that
  are BIGGER than cells.
• Tissue
• Organ
• Organ System
• Organism
• Population
• Species
• Ecosystem
• Planet
• Solar System
• Galaxy
• Universe

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The 2 Basic Types of Cells

• Prokaryotes (prokaryotic cells)
• Cells that DO NOT have a nucleus and organelles
• Examples bacteria
• Eukaryotes (eukaryotic cells)
• Cells that DO have a nucleus and other organelles
• Examples plant cells, fungi cells, and animal
  cells

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Cell Organelle

• Specialized structures that perform specific
  functions in the cell are called organelles.
• Organelle means little organ.

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Organelle Name

• Physical Description What the organelle looks
  like
• Function What the organelle DOES for the cell
• Type of Cell Which type of cell contains this
  organelle?
• Analogy If the cell were a factory, what would
  this cell organelle be and why?

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Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
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Cell Wall

• Physical Description Thick, strong barrier
  around the cell made of indigestible
  carbohydrates.
• Function supports and protects the cell
• Type of Cell found in plant, bacteria, and fungi
  cells. NOT in animal cells.
• Analogy it is like the walls, ceiling, and floor
  of a factory because they protect the factory and
  support the structure.

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Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
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Cell Membrane

• Physical Description thin, flexible barrier made
  of phospholipids around the cell (just inside the
  cell wall OR the outside border of animal cells)
• Function controls what enters and leaves the
  cell support and protection
• Type of Cell found in all cells
• Analogy it is like the security guard of a
  factory because it controls what enters and
  leaves the cell

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Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
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Cytoplasm

• Physical Description the fluid-like material
  inside the cell membrane that fills up the cell
• Function all cell organelles floar around in the
  cytoplasm cell jelly
• Site for chemical reactions
• Type of Cell found in all cells
• Analogy it is like the air of a factory

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Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
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Nucleus

• Physical Description large organelle that is
  usually near the center contains the cells
  genetic material (DNA)
• Function controls the cells activities by
  protecting the DNA
• Type of Cell found in all eukaryotes
• Analogyit is like the office of a factory
  because that is where the boss is kept

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Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
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Nuclear Membrane (aka Nuclear Envelope)

• Physical Description double layered membrane
  that surrounds the nucleus has pores
• Function Protects the nucleus pores allow
  material in and out of the nucleus.
• Type of Cell found in all eukaryotes
• Analogy it is like the office door of a factory
  because it lets things into and out of the office.

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Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
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DNA

• Physical Description The nucleic acid found
  inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, or
  floating freely in prokaryotic cells.
• Function controls the cells activities by
  controlling the making of proteins (protein
  synthesis).
• Type of Cell found inside the nucleus of
  eukaryotic cells, or floating freely in
  prokaryotic cells.
• Analogy it is like the boss of a factory because
  he controlls the factory

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Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
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RNA

• Physical Description The nucleic acid that
  copies the DNA and then makes proteins for the
  cell
• Function carries the DNAs code and translates
  it into proteins.
• Type of Cell found inside the cytoplasm of all
  cells
• Analogy it is like the manager of a factory
  because she takes the boss orders to the
  workers.

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Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)

• Physical Description internal membrane system
  covered in ribosomes (so that it looks rough)
• Function assembles and modifies proteins made in
  the ribosomes
• Type of Cell found in all eukaryotes
• Analogy it is like the assembly line of a factory

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Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
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Ribosomes

• Physical Description very small, round
  structures either attached to the endoplasmic
  reticulum or free (floating in the cytoplasm)
• Function makes proteins
• Type of Cell found in all eukaryotes AND some
  prokaryotes
• Analogy they are like the workers in a factory

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Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)

• Physical Description internal membrane system
  without ribosomes
• Function Assembles lipids and other components
  of the cell membrane
• Type of Cell found in all eukaryotes
• Analogy it is like the assembly line of a factory

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Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
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Golgi Apparatus

• Physical Description stack of flattened
  membranes in the cytoplasm
• Function attaches carbohydrates and lipids to
  proteins send proteins to their final
  destination
• Type of Cell found in all eukaryotes
• Analogy it is like the shipping department of a
  factory because it packages and moves proteins

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Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
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Lysosome

• Physical Description small, round sacks in the
  cytoplasm
• Function breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and
  proteins into useable molecules break down old
  or damaged organelles
• Type of Cell found in all eukaryotes BUT are
  very rare in plant cells
• Analogy it is like the janitor of a factory

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Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
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Vacuole

• Physical Description large, spacious sack in the
  cytoplasm
• Function stores materials for the cell (water,
  food, waste, etc)
• Type of Cell found in all eukaryotes (usually
  one large vacuole in plants and many small
  vacuoles in animals)
• Analogy it is like the storage warehouse of a
  factory

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Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
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Mitochondria

• Physical Description bean-shaped organelle
  that has a folded inner membrane (called cristae)
• Function use FOOD and Oxygen to make ATP
  (ENERGY) compounds for use by the cell
• Type of Cell found in all eukaryotes
• Analogy it is like the power plant or
  coal-burning furnace of a factory because it
  makes the energy for the cell

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Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
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Chloroplast

• Physical Description flattened discs that
  contains chlorophyll (a green pigment). Looks
  like a stack of green pancakes.
• Function use energy from SUNLIGHT to MAKE sugar
  molecules through photosynthesis
• Type of Cell found in plant/algae cells
• Analogy it is like the solar panels of a factory
  because they trap the suns light and turn it
  into useful sugars for the cell.

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Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
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Cytoskeleton

• Physical Description a network of protein
  filaments in the cytoplasm made of microtubules
  (microscopic beams)
• Function helps support the cell and maintain its
  shape moves organelles within the cell aids in
  cell movement
• Type of Cell found in all cells
• Analogy it is like the support beams and cranes
  of a factory

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Bacterial Cell
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
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Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells

• Cell Wall
• Are angular
• Chloroplasts
• No Centrioles
• Lysosomes are rare
• 1 Large Vacuole

• No Cell Wall
• Are roundish
• No Chloroplasts
• Centrioles
• Lysosomes are common
• Several Small Vacuoles

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Job of Cells

• The main job of all cells is to make proteins,
  grow, and eventually reproduce.
• Different cell types do different things
• Protein production
• Ribosome ?
• Endoplasmic Reticulum ?
• Golgi Apparatus ?
• Final Destination of the Protein (may be outside
  of the cell)

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All cells are made up of 4 molecules

• 3 of them are on any nutrition facts panel.
• Fats (lipids)
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• The 4th are found in all living things.
• Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

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Functions of the Four Major Groups of Organic
Molecules  
Group Examples Functions
Carbohydrate Glucose  Cellulose Glycogen Short term energy source Structure of plants
Lipids Fats and oils 1. Components of membranes Long term energy storage Insulation
Proteins Enzymes  Sucrase and lactase  Keratin  Collagen Organic catalysts  Digestive enzymes  Structural protein in muscles, hair, and skin 
Nucleic acids DNA  RNA  ATP 1. Information molecule Molecule of heredity Director of metabolism involved in protein synthesis immediate source of energy for cellular work
    Enzyme is a protein which speeds up the
rate of chemical reaction without being destroyed
by the reaction.