Chapter 4, Socialization

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Chapter 4, Socialization

• Key Terms

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• socializationA process by which people develop
  their human capacities and acquire a unique
  personality and identity and by which culture is
  passed from generation to generation.
• internalizationThe process by which people take
  as their own and accept as binding the norms,
  values, beliefs, and language needed to
  participate in the larger community.

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• natureHuman genetic makeup or biological
  inheritance.
• nurtureThe environment or the interaction
  experiences that make up every individuals life.

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• engramsChemically formed entities in the brain
  that store in physical form a persons
  recollections of experiences.
• collective memoryThe experiences shared and
  recalled by significant numbers of people.

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• groupTwo or more people who share a distinct
  identity, feel a sense of belonging and interact
  directly or indirectly with one another.
• primary groupA social group characterized by
  face-to-face contact and strong ties among its
  members.

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• ingroupA group with which people identify and to
  which they feel closely attached, particularly
  when that attachment is founded on hatred from
  our opposition toward another group.
• outgroupA group toward which members of an
  ingroup feel a sense of separateness, opposition,
  or even hatred.

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• reflexive thinkingStepping outside the self and
  observing and evaluating it from anothers
  viewpoint.
• significant symbolA word, gesture, or other
  learned sign used to convey a meaning from one
  person to another.

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• symbolic gesturesNonverbal cues, such as tone of
  voice and other body movements, that convey
  meaning from one person to another.
• role takingStepping outside the self and
  imagining its appearance and behavior
  imaginatively from an outsiders perspective.

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• playVoluntary and often spontaneous activity,
  with few or no formal rules, that is not subject
  to constraints of time.
• significant othersPeople or characters who are
  important in an individuals life in that they
  have considerable influence on that person's
  self-evaluation and encourage him or her to
  behave in a certain manner.

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• gamesStructured, organized activities that
  usually involve more than one person and a number
  of constraints concerning roles, rules, time,
  place and outcome.
• generalized otherA system of expected behaviors,
  meanings and viewpoints that transcend those of
  the people participating.

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• looking-glass selfA way in which a sense of self
  develops such that people see themselves
  reflected in others reactions to their
  appearance and behaviors.
• active adaptationA biologically based tendency
  to adjust to and resolve environmental challenges.

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• resocializationThe process of discarding rules
  and behaviors unsuited to new circumstances and
  replacing them with new, more appropriate values
  and norms.
• total institutionsInstitutions in which people
  surrender control of their lives, voluntarily or
  involuntarily, to an administrative staff and
  carry out daily activities with others required
  to do the same thing.