Chapter 23 Ideologies and Upheavals

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Chapter 23 Ideologies and Upheavals
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Metternich
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Alexander I
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Name two more major players

• Great Britain- Castlereagh
• France Talleyrand

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What was the Congress supporting

• Liberalism
• Legitimacy
• Conservative Values
• Nationalism
• Balance of Power
• Destruction of France
• Create more powerful countries on the French
  border

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Opposing Ideas growing from the French Revolution

• Liberalism- participation in the government
  individual freedoms
• speech
• press
• assemble
• freedom from arbitrary arrest
• petition the govt.
• religion
• private enterprise
• Nationalism Love and belonging to a nation
  state Language and Romanticism
• Utopian Socialism Utopia Thomas More
• Marxist Socialism

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Germany- The Home of Romanticism

• Herder 1772 Treatise on the Origin of Language
  . Spew out the ugly language of the Seine. Speak
  German O you German.
• From language comes culture
• The Sturm un Drang The Storm and Stress
• The Volksgeist- The peoples spirit

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Hegel- 1820- Sturm un Drang

• Thesis VS. Antithesis (contradictions and
  negations) Synthesis
• From this comes culture or the Volksgeist
• Form of the Dialectic Method
• Major influence on Marx

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Utopian Socialism-Social Engineering

• Robert Owen Creates Social industrial
  communities
• Based on the belief that no one is responsible
  for his actions products of our environment
• Opposition to religion made mankind a
• a weak imbecile animal, a furious bigot and a
  fanatic.

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New Harmony Indiana
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Greek Independence- Western Romantic Cause and
Anti-Islamic response. (1820)
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Lord Byron
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Byrons Death
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Liberation of Greece

• Classical Greece was appreciated by western
  powers
• Greece was Christian and dominated by the Islamic
  Turks
• A romantic cause Lord Byron

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1815 France Louis XVIII
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Coronation of Charles X La Cruche
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Revolutions of 1830

• Charles attempts to suppress reform

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• To The Barricades!

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French army refuses to fire on the citizens
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The Revolution of 1830 in France

• Louis XVIIIs constitutional monarchy held many
  liberal reforms
• Upper and lower houses were created
• Only a small of people could vote
• Charles X is reactionary against liberalism and
  attempts a coup in July of 1830 led by an upper
  middle class
• Three days later Charles is forced to flee

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Louis-Philippe The Citizen King The Pear
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Louis Philippe The Citizen King

• Nothing changes from the original charter.
• The wealthy noble elite tighten control of the
  government

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A Democratic Republic in France

• Louis Philippe govt. did little to sponsor
  election reform, and was filled with corruption.
• To the barricades Feb 22 1848 Parisians revolt.
  Two days later the pear abdicates

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The Revolution of 1848

• Social ideologies combined with severe economic
  crisis
• Only most advanced and most backward were not
  involved
• In the end the revolutions failed

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France -The Forming of the Second Republic
depression and high unemployment

• Issues Radicals wanted
• Universal male suffrage
• Freeing slaves in the colonies
• Strong element of utopian socialism
• Government sponsored workshops instead of
  capitalism

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Moderates

• Wanted temporary relief
• But
• National workshops were little more then pick and
  shovel programs
• Then
• Hundreds of thousands stream into Paris to try to
  join for jobs

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Socialism grows and many are Afraid A clash of
ideologies

• Middle class is worried
• Peasants that own land are worried
• The middle class and upper class bond over the
  issue of private property
• The new assembly drops Blanc the main socialist
  leader
• Socialist uprising is suppressed my the middle
  class national guard
• While the workshops became more radical
• The govt. closes the workshops in Paris and gives
  the poor an option to join the army of go to the
  workshops in the provinces

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The Result

• Violent uprisings
• To the barricades
• The June Days 10,000 wounded or dead
• The revolt was suppressed
• Louis Napoleon nephew of Napoleon wins a
  landslide election as he promises to defend those
  that own property.

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Napoleon III

• He becomes emperor
• Safety over liberty
• Actually is Very Moderate
• Rebuilds Paris
• Wider streets
• Easier to move army to problem spots

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The Carbonari-

• Secret organizations
• Bent on reforms

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Liberal reform in Great Britain

• Late 18th century 8 of the population could vote
• French Revolution makes upper-class fear uprising
  and they begin to suppress revolts
• In Great Britain Corn Laws Suppressed the
  importation of foreign grain
• Riots begin and freedoms are removed
• Battle of Peterloo (Waterloo)

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Backlash Leads to Reform

• Commercial groups wanted same rights as landed
  gentry
• Tory Govt. moves to accommodate
• Greater economic liberalism
• More pay for the poor
• Civil liberties for Catholics
• Revise the Corn Laws

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The House of Commons Takes over

• Reform Bill I 1832
• Northern manufacturing enterprises gain more
  power as population shifts
• Increases the voters by about 50
• The Chartist Movement
• Universal male suffrage denied but begins the
  emergence of mass politics
• mass protests worked
• Ten Hours Act of 1847

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The Great Famine Ireland

• English landowners took advantage of Irish
  Catholics
• Despite horrible conditions population climbed
• The Potato
• Feed more people
• Grew easily
• Allowed many to marry younger

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The Blight 1845-50

• Mass starvation
• England is slow to act
• Tenants that could not pay rent were evicted
• In the 19th century Ireland was the only country
  in Europe to experience a population decline.
• Stirred anti-British feelings Home Rule

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The Great famine

• Irish became dependant upon the potato
• Population grows
• Government slow to act. (genocide)
• Concepts of free trade whatever
• Corn Act was repealed too late
• 1.5 mil die
• 1 mil immigrate
• 1845 -1911 population declines from 8 mil to 4.4
  mil

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Many Pre-revolutionary Outbreaks

• Bad harvests
• 1846-Austria and Switzerland
• 1847 - Naples

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Timeline

• Timeline--Revolutions of 1848
• 1846-1849 Economic depression was spread
  throughout Europe. It was marked by rising food
  prices after a poor harvest and the recession
  that followed the industrial expansionin the
  early 1840s. 22, 1848 One of many banquets to
  protest the government's inflexibility was
  planned, but he government banned it. Crowds
  began to gather in the streets and minor
  skirmishes with police erupted. Workers who could
  have never afforded tickets to the banquet
  constructed barricades. The revolution had begun.
• February 24, 1848 After the National Guard
  refused to cheer for their king, Louis Phillipe,
  he abdicated to his grandson. The Second Republic
  was declared from the Hotel de Ville. The cabinet
  was confirmed by a crowd outside the hotel.
• March 3, 1848 Lajos Kossuth called for a
  representative government in front of the
  Hungarian Diet.
• March 3, 1848 Revolution broke out in the
  Rhineland.
• March 12, 1848 Revolution broke out in Vienna.
• March 15, 1848 Revolution broke out in Berlin.
• March 18, 1848 Revolution broke out in Milan.
  The papal states were given a constitution and
  the Milanese defeated the Austrians.
• March 22, 1848 Revolution broke out in Venice
  and the Venetian Republic was reestablished. All
  of these revolutions followed the same pattern
  The news of revolution in France would attract
  excited crowds, groups of men (mostly
  journalists, lawyers, and students) met to
  discuss the rumors. The government, in fear of
  revolution, would call out the army, which would
  begin to skirmish with the citizenry. Barricades
  would come up and mob action would ensue. It is
  important to note that these revolutions took
  place in one city and that not all of the
  countries involved declared a republic, only
  their capitals did.
• March, 1848 600 delegates meet in Frankfurt in a
  preparliamentary assembly and called for a
  universal manhood suffrage electio to form a
  national assembly to govern a unified Germany.
• May, 1848 830 delegates met in Frankfurt, mostly
  from the small states in the liberal West. Began
  to form a democratic constitution that gave the
  assembly itself executive control over a unified
  Germany.
• May, 1848 As Hungary began to gain autonmy,
  Austrians began to demand a representative
  government. Metternich resigned and universal
  manhood suffrage was granted.
• May, 1848 As unwilling parts of the Hungarian
  Republic, the Croats, Czechs, and Rumanians begin
  to demand a similar autonmy as that granted to
  Hungary.
• May, 1848 Piedmont declared war on Austria with
  a papl blessing and his troops, but Pius IX soon
  pulled out saying he could not fight a Catholic
  Austria. The Piedmontese seemed overwhelmed, but
  had managed to win a battle by the end of May.
• June 24-26, 1848 after the government dissolved
  the national workshops, the lower class revolted
  and were crushed by republican troops. Over a
  thousand people were killed in three days and
  thousands more were sent to prison or exile. This
  conflict between classes is known as June Days
  and was the evidence that proved to Karl Marx
  that democracy couldn't work.
• June, 1848 The pan-Slav congress met in Prague
  after the Czechs refused to send representatives
  to the Frankfurt Assembly felling that Slavs
  should not be subject to the will of Germans.
• July, 1848 Austrians attack Piedmont and
  overwhelmingly defeat it. Troops march into
  Milan.
• September, 1848 Riots erupt in Frankfurt. The
  Assembly is forced to call for Prussian and
  Austrian aid to resore peace.
• October, 1848 Austrians use Croatian sentiments
  for autonomy to march into Vienna and beat it
  into submission.

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1848 Austria Empire

• Begins as a nationalist movement in Hungary- full
  autonomy
• Monarchs response is slow and weak
• Liberals want written constitution
• Peasants allied with Middle class liberals
• Students serve as shock troops
• Aristocrats give in to demands

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Conservatives Recover

• Conservatives play of fears of nationalist
  movements to gain autonomy
• Sophia you all gave in to a mess of students.
• Troops are assembled and crush the revolts
• Russian troops under Czar Nicky pour into Hungary.

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1848 Prussia

• Fall of Louis Philippe encourages Prussian
  liberals to assert demands
• Riots erupt
• Frederick Wilhelm IV caves in
• Socialists demands trouble middle-class allies
• Dispute with Denmark unifies German nationalism
• King disbands the assembly