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Welcome Back! Grab a Computer

• Bell Ringer
• 1.In groups answer your manifest destiny
  questions. 10 minutes
• 2. Using the PPT on class page, fill in chart.
  This must be completed for Tomorrow

• Agenda and Objective Through homework review
  students will identify the impact of Manifest
  Destiny in Western Politics

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Bell RingerWhat does this picture mean in
regards to Manifest destiny?Who coined the
phrase?American Progress by John Gast, 1872
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Chapter 18 Rising Sectionalism
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Manifest Destiny
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Manifest Destiny

• The spread of settlers beyond U.S. borders led to
  widespread calls for annexation of newly-settled
  lands
• The term Manifest Destiny was 1st used in 1845
  by newspaper editor John OSullivan, who said
• God wants the USA (His chosen nation) to become
  stronger
• Expansion of American democracy economic
  opportunities were a good thing

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Western Trails
Joseph Smiths murder led to resettlement in Salt
Lake, Utah where Brigham Young built a Mormon
community (Deseret)
The Santa Fe Trail allowed the U.S. to sell goods
to Texas
In 1857, Mormon Utah became a U.S. territory
Young was named governor
The Oregon Trail led to massive immigration of
western farmers in 1840s demands to end the
joint U.S.-British occupation of Oregon
The California Trail allowed traders ranchers
to move to California in 1830s 1840s
Joseph Smith founded the Mormon Church in 1830,
but were persecuted in the East for their
unorthodox beliefs
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The Oregon Trail Albert Bierstadt, 1869
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Overland Immigration to the West
Between 1840 1860, more than 250,000 people
made the trek westward
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19th Century US Territorial Expansion
MaineTexas OregonCalifornia
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Maine
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Territorial Expansion by Mid-19th Century

• Canada
• In 1839, fighting broke out between residents in
  Maine Canada over the disputed Maine border
• Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)
• The U.S. received ½ the disputed land
• Established a clear border in Maine

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Texas
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Territorial Expansion by Mid-19th Century

• Texas
• In 1821, Mexico won independence from Spain
• The new Mexican government opted for a free-trade
  policy with USA
• Thousands of U.S. speculators moved to Texas

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The Texas Revolution

• In the 1820s, Mexico encouraged U.S. immigration
  to Texas but problems emerged between Anglos
  the new Mexican govt
• Texans never fully accepted Mexican rules
• In 1834, Santa Anna became dictator was viewed
  as threat to Texans interests
• An armed rebellion broke out in 1835, led by
  Stephen F. Austin

Texans ignored the Mexican ban on slavery
Texans refused to convert to Catholicism
Texans refused to pay import duties
Texans wanted self-rule like in the U.S.
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The Republic of Texas (1836-1845)

• In 1836 Texans declared their independence from
  Mexico wrote a national constitution
• But the war for independence still had to be
  fought

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Texans were defeated at the Alamo
Texans were defeated at Goliad
In May 1836, Santa Anna recognized Texas
independence its territory to the Rio Grande
ButTexans won at San Jacinto captured General
Santa Anna
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The Battle of the Alamo
Davey Crocketts Last Stand
General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna recaptures
the Alamo
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The Republic of Texas

• Sam Houston was the 1st president of the Republic
  of Texas asked the U.S. to make Texas a state
• Presidents Jackson Van Buren both refused to
  annex Texas (to avoid arguments over slavery)
• Texas offered free land grants to U.S. settlers
  white families in search of land opportunity
  moved to Texas in 1830s 1840s

Texas population soared from 30,000 to 142,000
by 1845
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Tyler and Texas

• In 1844, President Tyler called for the
  annexation of Texas
• Tyler (Whig) Calhoun (Dem) created a propaganda
  campaign that England wanted Texas
• Northern Senators did not fall for it refused
  to ratify the treaty to annex Texas
• Tyler was not nominated by either party in the
  1844 election

Tyler needed to make Texas a campaign issue in
the election of 1844 because he had been kicked
out of the Whig Party hoped to appeal to the
common man
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Polk Texas Annexation

• In 1844, the Whigs nominated Henry Clay the
  Democrats nominated James Polk
• Polk won on expansionist platform
• Called for Texas annexation
• Called for an end to the joint U.S.-British
  control of Oregon
• Polk Congress interpreted the election as
  mandate for expansion Texas was quickly made a
  state

Appealed to the South
Appealed to the North
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Mexican-American War

• Causes of the Mexican War
• Mexico recognized Texas independence U.S.
  annexation, but disagreed over Texas southern
  border
• In May 1846, Polk sent U.S. General Zachary
  Taylor beyond the Rio Grande River which led to
  the Mexican-American War

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The Mexican-American War
John C Fremont won in California
The disputed area of Texas
Zachary Taylor won in northern Mexico
Stephen Kearney captured New Mexico
Winfield Scott captured Mexico City
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Opposition to the Mexican War
Not everyone supported the Mexican-American War
Whigs opposed it
Northerners saw it as a Southern slave-power
plot to extend slavery
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Ending the Mexican War
The U.S. grew 20 by adding the Mexican Cession
(present-day NM, AZ, CA, Utah, NV, parts of CO
WY
Added the Gadsden Purchase in 1853 to build a
southern transcontinental railroad

• In 1848, U.S. Mexico ended the war with the
  Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

The Rio Grande became the recognized U.S.
southern border
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Oregon
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Territorial Expansion by Mid-19th Century

• Oregon
• U.S. Britain jointly occupied Oregon (Spain
  relinquished its claims to Oregon in the
  Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819)
• Britain claimed a greater stake of Oregon via
  Hudson Bay Co. (fur trade)

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The Oregon Boundary Dispute
But, the USA England compromised divided
Oregon along 49th parallel in 1846
Oregon residents demanded the entire territory
54º40 or fight!
In 1846, President Polk notified Britain that the
U.S. wanted full control of Oregon
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Territorial Expansion by Mid-19th Century
Benefits of Oregon the U.S. gained its 1st
deep-water port in the Pacific Northern
abolitionists saw Oregon as a balance to
slave-state Texas
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California
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Territorial Expansion by Mid-19th Century

• California
• In 1833, the new Mexican govt awarded land
  grants to rancheros who quickly replaced the
  missionary padres
• In 1830s, the U.S. was eager to enter the cowhide
  trade

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The Bear Flag Republic

• California settlers used John Fremonts
  occupation of California during the
  Mexican-American War as an opportunity to revolt
  from Mexico in 1846

Like Texas, California operated as an independent
nation the California Republic existed for one
month from June 1846 to July 1846 when it was
annexed by the United States
California became a U.S. state as part of the
Compromise of 1850
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The California Gold Rush

• The discovery of gold in 1848 led to a massive
  influx of prospectors in 1849 (the
  forty-niners)
• Few miners struck it rich
• The real money made in CA was in supplying miners
  with food, saloons, provisions
• The gold rush led to a population boom, increase
  in agriculture, multicultural Californian
  society

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Where the 49ers Came From
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Conclusions The Costs of Expansion
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The Costs of Expansion

• The impact of territorial expansion
• Historian Fredrick Jackson Turner noted in the
  1890s that expansion shaped Americans into an
  adventurous, optimistic, democratic people
• But, expansion created sectional conflicts
  between the North South, especially over
  slavery

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U.S. Territorial Expansion
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Sectionalism complete chart
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The Beginnings of Sectionalism

• As Americans expanded West in the 1840s,
  conflicts intensified between the North the
  South regarding the issue of slavery
• Butthe existence of two strong political parties
  (Democrats Whigs) that were both popular in the
  North, South, West helped keep America from
  splitting apart

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The Slave Question Reemerges

• The Constitution gave no definite authority to
  abolish slavery other than voluntary state action
• Abolitionists knew it would be impossible to get
  enough votes to pass an amendment outlawing
  slavery
• But, northerners in Congress could forbid slavery
  in new states as they were added to the Union

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The Slave Question Reemerges

• The slavery issue in the West had been settled
  by the Missouri Compromise in 1820
• But the new states added in the 1840s 1850s led
  to problems
• Texas (slave state) balanced by Oregon (free
  territory)
• What about California New Mexico? Both were
  south of the Missouri Compromise line

Slavery was not entrenched in either territory
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The Wilmot Proviso

• The Wilmot Proviso was presented by Northerners
  in 1846 to
• Ban all blacks (free slave) from the Mexican
  Cession in order to preserve land for white
  farmers
• Attempt to limit the perceived pro-Southern
  Polk presidency
• The Wilmot Proviso did not pass in Congress but
  its debate revealed sectional (not party)
  divisions

A major shift in politics is looming involving
sectional political parties
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Activity

• With your neighbor, and textbook fill out the
  charts that deal with sectional events that lead
  to the civil war.
• Rank in importance the event
• What were the effects felt by both the North and
  South regarding these issues?

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The Election of 1848
Northern Democrats liked it (let settlers decide)

• Slavery in the West was a key issue in the
  Election of 1848
• Democrat Lewis Cass proposed popular sovereignty
  to allow territorial settlers (not Congress) to
  decide slavery in the West
• Whig candidate Zachary Taylor evaded the slavery
  issue
• The Free Soil Party was created by Northern
  abolitionists who nominated Martin Van Buren

Southern Democrats liked it (let state
conventions decide)
Northern Whigs supported Taylor because he
promised to let Congress decide slavery in the
territories
Free Soilers were not abolitionists They were
against the expansion of slavery into the West
Southern Whigs supported Taylor because he owned
slaves
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Taylor won the election, but Free Soilers did
well in the North
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The Compromise of 1850
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Reasons for Compromise of 1850

• Southerners were mad when Taylor proposed
  admitting New Mexico California as
  states
• Popular sovereignty would make California a free
  state
• New Mexico had no slaves or a climate adequate
  for slavery
• John C Calhoun led the Nashville Convention to
  discuss Southern secession

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The Debate Over Slavery
Calhoun The South must protect slavery will
peacefully secede
Webster The North will never accept secession
Clay We must compromise
The Compromise of 1850 was the last debate of the
Great Triumvirate
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The Compromise of 1850
Ended the slave trade in Washington DC (but not
slavery)
California was admitted as a free state
Taylor threatened to veto the compromise but his
death in 1850 allowed VP Millard Fillmore to sign
the Compromise of 1850
A stronger Fugitive Slave Law was created to
appease the South
Popular sovereignty would decide slavery in Utah
New Mexico
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Political Upheaval the Rise of Sectional
Political Parties
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The Party System in Crisis

• With slavery (temporarily) under wraps, the
  parties needed new issues for the election of
  1852
• Whigs nominated Mexican War general Winfield
  Scott Whigs had difficulty finding an issue
• Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce, claimed
  credit for national prosperity, promised to
  defend the Compromise of 1850

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The Election of 1852
By 1852, the Whig Party was in trouble
Had no significant platform issues
Had difficulty appealing to voters in the North
South
Southern Whigs were angry over the dominance of
the anti-slave Whig faction
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The Know-Nothing Party

• The collapse of the Whigs allowed for the rise of
  the Know-Nothings (the American Party)
• Fueled by nativism a desire to reduce immigrant
  influence
• Hoped to strengthen the naturalization process to
  decrease immigrant voting
• Appealed to ex-Democrats, ex-Whigs,
  industrial workers

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The Know-Nothing Party

• In 1854, the American Party took control of state
  legislatures in New England, Maryland, Kentucky,
  Texas seemed on the verge of challenging the
  Democratic Party
• But, by 1856 the Know-Nothings collapsed due to a
  lack of experienced leadership had no response
  to slavery (which was the REAL issue in America)

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Shift in Party Power 1852-1855
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The Kansas- Nebraska Act
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The Kansas-Nebraska Act

• In 1854, Democrat Stephen Douglas hoped to
  organize the Kansas Nebraska territories with
  the Kansas-Nebraska Act
• The Missouri Compromise line was repealed
  popular sovereignty was applied to slavery in
  Kansas Nebraska
• Many Northerners were now convinced that
  compromise with the South was impossible

Northern abolitionists were outraged because it
allowed slavery in an area where slavery was
already prohibited
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The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
Coalition of Whigs, Northern Democrats,
Free-Soilers formed the Republican Party became
exclusively Northern by 1856
The Kansas-Nebraska Act changed American politics
increased sectionalism
Southern Whigs defected to the Democratic Party
which became an exclusively Southern party
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The Rise of the Republicans

• The Republican Party appealed to Northerners
• Believed in free soil fought against a slave
  power scheme
• Vowed to protect free white workers boost the
  economy
• Made up of seasoned politicians who effectively
  built up the power of the party by 1856

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The Shift to Sectional Political Parties
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Watch American party politics become sectional,
rather than national, from 1848 to 1860
In 1848, both parties have national appeal
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In the election of 1852,
both parties have national appeal
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Look at the Republicans in the North the
Democrats in the South by 1856!
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By 1860, the Republicans elected Lincoln without
even campaigning in the South!
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Conclusions

• American politics experienced a significant
  change in the late antebellum era (1800 to 1860)
• In the early antebellum era, sectional rivalries
  were evident but national parties kept the U.S.
  united
• In the 1840s 1850s, westward expansion forced
  the North South to protect their regional
  values against an unseen conspiracy

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Chapter 18 and 19 The Nation Divided (1856-1860)
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Political Upheaval in the 1850s
Dred Scott decision in 1857
The Lecompton Controversy in 1857

• Manifest Destiny intensified sectional
  differences between the North the South
  regarding slavery in the 1840s early 1850s
• Butthe sectional quarrel between the North the
  South became irreconcilable in the mid-1850s,
  especially under James Buchanan (1857-1860)

John Browns raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859
Lincoln-Douglas debates in 1858
Impending Crisis in 1859
Lincolns election in 1860
The Mexican Cession in 1848
Texas Oregon in 1845 1846
Popular sovereignty the Kansas-Nebraska Act in
1854
The Compromise of 1850
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Uncle Toms Cabin (1852)

• Harriet Beecher Stowes account of slavery became
  the best selling book of the 19th century
• Uncle Tom Cabin depicted the harsh reality of
  slavery
• The book became a vital antislavery tool among
  abolitionists

Lincoln said to Beecher Stowe in 1861, So you're
the little woman who wrote the book that made
this great war!
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Bleeding Kansas (1854-1858)

• The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) proposed popular
  sovereignty
• The vote to determine slavery in Kansas turned
  into a bloody small-scale civil war
• Republicans benefited from the fighting by using
  Bleeding Kansas propaganda to support their
  anti-slave cause

Pro-slavery residents created Kansas first
territorial legislature wrote laws protecting
slavery
Free soilers created a rival territorial govt
that was not recognized by President Pierce
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This incident became known as Bleeding Kansas
Thousands of pro-slavery Missouri residents
crossed the border voted for slavery
The vote revealed a pro-slavery victory which led
to a violent civil war in Kansas
Free-soilers from Kansas voted against slavery
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Bleeding Sumner
SC Senator Preston Brooks beat Senator Charles
Sumner because of a speech Sumner had made
criticizing President Pierce Southerners who
supported the pro-slavery violence in Kansas
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Sectionalism in Election of 1856

• 1856 was the first clearly sectional presidential
  election in U.S. history
• Republican John C. Frémont campaigned only in
  free states
• Know-Nothing Fillmore called for sectional
  compromise
• Democrat James Buchanan endorsed popular
  sovereignty the Compromise of 1850
• Buchanan beat Frémont in the North beat
  Fillmore in the South

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The Election of 1856
Southerners were relieved by the victory but were
threatened by the existence of a party devoted to
ending slavery
Northerners realized that the free-states
had a large majority in the Electoral College so
a Republican could become president by only
campaigning in the North
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The Dred Scott Case (1857)
Dred Scott was Missouri slave transported to
Wisconsin where slavery was outlawed Scott
argued he should be free

• When Buchanan was elected, he wanted the Supreme
  Court to resolve the slavery question
• In Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857), Taney the
  Supreme Court ruled
• Dred Scott had no right to sue because blacks are
  not citizens
• Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in
  western territories so the Missouri Compromise is
  unconstitutional

This ruling strengthened the Republican fear of a
slave power conspiracyin all branches of the
U.S. govt
According to the Supreme Court, Congress can not
prohibit slavery because the government cannot
deny citizens their right to property (slaves)
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The Lecompton Controversy
Republicans were enraged over President
Buchanans attempt to force slavery upon Kansas

• In 1857, Kansas held an election for delegates to
  write a constitution apply for statehood
• A rigged election led to a pro-slavery Lecompton
  Constitution
• Buchanan tried to push Kansas admission through
  despite the fraud but Congress refused
• Kansas was made a free territory, not a slave
  state

Douglas viewed this as a perversion of popular
sovereignty opposed Southern Democrats
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The Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Lincoln argued that popular sovereignty is wrong
because it supports the spread of slavery
Slavery is an acceptable evil in the South but it
must be kept out of territories where slavery is
not protected by the Constitution

• Democrat Stephen Douglas ran against Republican
  Abraham Lincoln for the 1858 Illinois Senate
• In these Lincoln-Douglas debates

Douglas accused Lincoln of favoring racial
equality a radical plan to extinguish slavery
that would force the U.S. into a civil war
Lincoln lost the election, but the debates gained
him a national reputation reaffirmed the
Republicans uncompromising commitment to the
free-soil position
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A house divided against itself cannot stand. I
believe this government cannot endure,
permanently half slave and half
free. Abraham Lincoln, 1858
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The South's Crisis of Fear

• Two events in 1859 increased Southern fears of
  North
• John Browns raid on Harpers Ferry, VA he 18
  men planned to end slavery in the South by
  leading slave insurrections
• Brown was caught executed, but he was perceived
  by many in the North to be a martyr
• Witch-hunts, vigilante groups, talk of
  secession grew in South

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John Brown Northern Martyr or Southern Villain?
John Browns Body John Brown's body lies
a-mouldering in the grave, John Brown's body
lies a-mouldering in the grave, But his soul goes
marching on Glory, glory, hallelujah, Glory,
glory, hallelujah, His soul goes marching on
John Brown the martyr
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The South's Crisis of Fear

• Hinton Helpers Impending Crisis
  of the South in 1859
• Helper was a white southerner who argued that
  slavery hurt the South small farmers
• Southerners saw the book as a plot to rally
  yeoman against the elite end slavery

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The Election of 1860

• The election of 1860 was the final straw for the
  South
• Republicans nominated Lincoln
• Illinois was a crucial swing-state
• Lincoln was seen as a self-made man who
  represented equality
• His platform of high tariffs for industry, free
  homesteads in the West, transcontinental railroad
  widened the partys appeal

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The Election of 1860

• Democrats were fatally split
• Northern Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas who
  ran on a platform of popular sovereignty
• Southern Democrats nominated John Breckenridge
  who swore to protect slavery in the West
• Ex-Whigs Know-Nothings formed the
  Constitutional Union Party ran John Bell on a
  compromise platform

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The Election of 1860
The 1860 Election A Nation Coming Apart
North Abraham Lincoln vs. Stephen Douglass

• During election, 4 nominees ran
• Republicans
• Douglas Democrats
• Southern Rights Dems
• Constitutional Unionists

Competed in North
Competed in South
South Breckenridge vs. Bell
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The Election of 1860
Lincoln won the South immediately launched a
campaign for secession from the Union
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Explaining the Crisis

• The most significant underlying cause of the
  Civil War was slavery slavery (more so than
  economic differences) divided the U.S. into 2
  irreconcilable factions
• The North South argued for two very different
  ideals of liberty independence but by the
  1850s, the sectional ideologies made any form of
  compromise impossible

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Class Discussion

• What was the most important causes of the Civil
  War??