Matter

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Matter
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Matter

• anything that has mass and takes up space
• states of matter
• solid - definite shape and volume
• liquid - definite volume, no definite shape
• gas - no definite shape or volume
• plasma photons moving at high velocity (sun,
  fluorescent lights)

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Law of Conservation of Matter

• matter is neither created nor destroyed in any
  chemical process
• Matter can just change form

• Law of Conservation of Mass
• Because matter is not created nor destroyed,
• the mass of the reactants is equal to the mass of
  the products

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Types of Matter
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Substance

• Pure form of matter, can not be physically
  separated. Two types
• Elements
• a pure substance made up of only one kind of atom
• Periodic Table of the Elements carbon, nitrogen
• Compound
• two or more elements chemically bonded
• sodium chloride (NaCl)
• magnesium oxide (MgO)

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Mixture-

• A blend of two or more pure substances
• Not chemically combined
• Can be separated
• Heterogeneous mixture
• a mix with visibly different parts
• granite
• chocolate chip cookies
• Homogeneous mixture
• does not contain visibly different parts ( looks
  same throughout)
• Kool Aid
• Seawater
• Air-

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Properties of Matter

• Physical properties
• density
• color
• melting point
• boiling point
• Chemical properties
• Flammability/ combustibility
• Reactivity

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Physical Changes

• Does NOT alter the identity of the substance.
• Can affect the size, shape or state of matter but
  not the composition.
• Ex Ice ? water ? steam
• Changes state but not composition- H2O
• A good indicator of a physical change is if it is
  reversible

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Other Examples of Physical Changes
Cutting
Crushing
Dissolving
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Chemical Changes

• Does alter the identity of the substance
• A new substance (s) is made with different
  properties
• Ex Na Cl? NaCl
• Sodium (grey highly reactive metal) chlorine (a
  poisonous green gas) produces sodium chloride
  (table salt)

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Indicators of a Chemical Change
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1. Energy Change
Fire, heat, electricity, light, or a temperature
change (gets hot or cold)
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2. Produces a Precipitate a solid formed
from 2 liquids
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3. Releases a Gas
Ex Bubbles or fizzing
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4. Color Change
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Separating Mixtures
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1. Filtration- separates by particle size.
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2. Chromatography- separates by molecular size.
The smaller, lighter molecules travel the
farthest up the paper
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3. Magnetism
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4. Distillation- uses the different boiling
points of compounds
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5. Density Decanting/ Centrifuging-More
dense liquid/solid on bottom less dense on top
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6. Crystallization via Evaporation
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Separating Compoundsthere is only one technique
used to separate compounds and that is
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7. Electrolysis- separates a compound by running
an electrical current through it.
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Changes in State of Matter
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Changes in State

• a physical change of a substance from one state
  of matter to another
• ALWAYS involves a change in energy

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Endothermic Phase Change

• Absorbs energy
• solid ? liquid (Melting)
• liquid ? gas (Vaporization aka Boiling)
• Molecules must overcome the attractive forces
  holding them in the more condensed state

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Exothermic Phase changes

• Releases Energy
• Molecules go from a higher energy state to a
  lower energy state
• gas ? liquid (Condensation)
• liquid ? solid (Freezing)

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Evaporation

• Form of vaporization that occurs on the surface
  of a liquid.
• Some liquids evaporate more quickly due to lower
  boiling point
• Ex Water versus Rubbing Alcohol
• Volatile liquids