Chapter Section

1
Chapter 2
The Neolithic Revolution
2
BIG IDEA
Systematic agriculture brought giant
economic, political, and social change for early
humans.
3

• The Neolithic Revolution occurred at the end of
  the last ice age, about 8,000 B.C.E.
• The Neolithic Age lasted from 8,000 to 4,000
  B.C.E.
• The Neolithic Revolution is characterized by the
  shift from hunting and gathering for food to the
  keeping of animals and growing food on a regular
  basis (Systematic Agriculture).

4
The DOMESTICATION of animals

• used for
• A regular source of food
• Doing work
• Since there was now enough food. Humans could
  have more control over their lives. No longer
  were they forced to roam to hunt and gather, they
  could settle into communities.

5
Systematic agriculture is considered to be the
single most important revolution in the
development of human history.
6
The Growing of Crops

• In 8,000 B.C.E., in Southwest Asia, people began
  growing wheat and barley and domesticating pigs,
  cows, goats and sheep.
• In central Africa a separate farming system
  emerged. Root crops called tubers (such as yams)
  and tree crops (like bananas) were found and
  grown.

7
The Growing of Crops (cont.)

• In 5,000 B.C.E., Southwest Asians began growing
  rice. From there it spread to China.
• 7,000 B.C.E. to 5,000 B.C.E., (present day Mexico
  and Central America) people began growing beans,
  squash, and maize.

8
Neolithic Farming Villages
appeared in Europe, India, Egypt, China and
Mesoamerica. The oldest and biggest of these,
however, was located in Southwest Asia. Jericho
near the Dead Sea, existed by 8000 B.C.E.
9
Çatalhüyük (chahTAHK hooYOOK)

• In modern Turkey, was even larger than Jericho.
  It covered 32 acres and between 6,700 B.C.E. and
  5,700 B.C.E. the city had about 6,000
  inhabitants.

10

• Their simple mud brick houses were built so close
  together that there were few streets.
• People walked on the roofs and entered their
  homes through holes in the rooftops.

11

• Their simple mud brick houses were built so close
  together that there were few streets.
• People walked on the roofs and entered their
  homes through holes in the rooftops.

12

• Archaeologists have found a dozen products that
  were grown outside the city walls including
  fruit, nuts, and three kinds of wheat.
  Domesticated animals provided meat, milk and
  hides.
• The result was a food surplus.
• This meant that not all people needed to farm.
  Some people became artisans, or skilled workers.
  Artisans made goods to trade with neighboring
  people.
• This was beginning of a traditional economy based
  on agriculture and limited trade.

13
Effects of the Neolithic Revolution

• Once people began settling in villages, they saw
  the need to build walls for protections and
  storehouses for goods.
• Storing surplus products encouraged trade.
• Trade encouraged more people
• to learn crafts.
• This led to the division of labor.
• The roles of men and women
• began to change.

14
The End of the Neolithic Age

• Between 4,000 B.C.E. and 3,000 B.C.E.
  craftspeople discovered that by heating
  metal-bearing rocks they could turn the metal
  into liquid.
• The use of metals marked a new level of control
  over the environment.
• Bronze Age 3,000 B.C.E. to 1,200 B.C.E.
• Iron Age After 1,000 B.C.E.

15
Civilization Emerges

• When humans settled in permanent villages, their
  cultures evolved.
• A civilization is a complex culture in which
  large numbers of human beings share a number of
  common characteristics.
• These characteristics feature 7 important key
  themes (remember?)

16
? Patterns of population (cities)

• The first civilizations were developed in river
  valleys.

17
?Economic networks (GOVERNMENT)

• The need to maintain a food supply and the need
  for defense soon led to the growth of government.
• Governments organize and regulate human activity.
• The first civilizations were led by
  monarchs-kings or queens who ruled a kingdom.

18
?RELIGION (spiritualism)

• Civilizations developed religions
• to help themselves explain forces
• of nature and their place in the world.
• They believed that gods and goddesses were
  important to the communitys success.
• Priests supervised rituals aimed at pleasing the
  gods and goddesses.

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?SOCIAL STRUCTURE (have and have nots)

• Social structure is based on economic power.
• Rulers, priests, government officials, and
  warriors dominated society.
• Free peoplefarmers, artisans, and craftspeople.
• Slaves.
• Organized trade began to
• grow.

20
?WRITING (science technology)

• Were used to keep accurate records for the upper
  class.
• Eventually used for creative expression.

21
?ART (expressing identity)

• Architects built temples and pyramids as places
  for worship or sacrifice, or for the burial of
  kings and other important people.
• Art also featured depictions of the rulers and
  gods they worshiped.

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7. Use and abuse of power

• Power, in many forms, has been used for great
  good and benefit.
• Power, in many forms, has been misused by some,
  for a variety of reasons.

23
Chapter 1 SummaryCause and Effect

• Early humans learn to make tools and fire.

• Tools make hunting easier.
• Early humans become more efficient hunters.
• Cooking food over fire improves nutrition.
• Fire keeps humans warm in cooler climates.

24
Chapter 1 SummaryCause and Effect

• After the Ice Age ends, temperatures rise and
  humans begin to practice systematic
  agriculturethe keeping of animals and the
  growing of food on a regular basis.

• A steady food supply leads humans to settle in
  farming villages.
• Surplus food is stored.
• The villagers and food supply must be protected.

25
Chapter 1 SummaryCause and Effect

• Civilizations begin to develop in river valleys
  in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China.

• Governments develop to organize and protect the
  cities.
• Not all villagers are needed for farming, so some
  become artisans, government workers, priests,
  artists, and scribes.
• Division of labor leads to a social structure.
• Surplus food and products are traded with other
  settlements.